feat(logging): P3 hotpath console.error migration + redaction gate (928->267)

Epic P3. Migrates hotpath console.error/warn to the structured logger (diagnostics) or process.stderr.write (user-facing), and adds a redaction safety gate so the migration cannot leak credentials. Redaction gate (MR1): - log-redaction: scrub known credential token shapes (sk-ant, sk-, xoxb, ghp, glpat, AIza, JWT bodies, api_key=, Bearer/Basic/Token scheme) in string values, Error.message, AND the log message string (defense-in-depth). - logger: message now passes through maskSecretTokens. tool-sanitization-proxy: deleted the private file-logging subsystem (initLogFile/writeLog/log/warn, logFilePath, debugMode); 13 call sites now route through the existing createLogger('cliproxy:tool-sanitization-proxy'). Sweep (~120 diagnostic -> structured createLogger; ~540 user-facing -> stderr): - diagnostics converted across proxy, web-server/routes, glmt pipeline, quota fetchers, executors, delegation, session-bridge, https-tunnel-proxy. - user-facing CLI output (flows, arg-parser usage, installers, prompts, adapter launch errors, error display) moved to process.stderr.write (preserves stderr). - src/utils/error-manager.ts reclassified CLI-UX-exempt (user-facing display). Metric: hotpath console.error 928 -> 267 (71%); createLogger files 35 -> 64. Residual 267 is user-facing CLI output (not diagnostics); documented in docs/hardening-debt-burndown.md. Redaction gate makes further conversion safe. Tests: hotpath-redaction-regression (12 token shapes); updated delegation-handler, arg-parser, model-warnings spies (console.error -> process.stderr.write). validate + validate:ci-parity green.
2026-10-13 18:15:23 +00:00 · 2026-06-18 18:48:12 -04:00
1 parent 5e1b8640ab
commit 87aeb8f193
@@ -75,3 +75,15 @@ Metrics are grep-based and approximate (not a contract). Comments and string/tem
 | `src/cliproxy/config/model-config.ts` | 32 |
 | `src/cliproxy/executor/arg-parser.ts` | 26 |
 | `src/dispatcher/flows/settings-flow.ts` | 26 |
 ## Progress Log
 | Date | Phase | Change | Metric movement |
 |---|---|---|---|
 | 2026-06-18 | P2 | Express `withRequestContext` wrap; `CCS_REQUEST_ID` daemon forwarding + child re-anchor; logger toe-holds in delegation/docker. | zero-createLogger subdomains 20 -> 18 |
 | 2026-06-18 | P3 | Redaction gate (token-shape scrubbing in context + `Error.message` + message string). `tool-sanitization-proxy` private log subsystem deleted (13 sites -> existing `createLogger`). ~120 diagnostic `console.error` -> structured `createLogger` across proxy, web-server/routes, glmt, quota-fetchers, executors, delegation. User-facing `console.error` (CLI flows, arg-parser usage, installers, prompts, adapter launch errors, error display) migrated to `process.stderr.write` (preserves stderr output). `error-manager.ts` reclassified CLI-UX-exempt (user-facing display). | hotpath `console.error` 928 -> 267 (71%); createLogger files 35 -> 64 |
 ### P3 residual note (2026-06-18)
 The remaining ~267 `console.error`/`warn` are user-facing CLI output (interactive flows, arg-parser usage errors, installers, prompts, adapter launch failures, error-display helpers) routed via `fail()`/`info()`/`warn()` from `utils/ui`. They are legitimate stderr output, not diagnostics. The plan's `<10` target assumed these were diagnostics; in practice the diagnostic subset is fully converted to structured logs. Migrating the residual `console.error` -> `process.stderr.write` is mechanical (near-zero behavior change, no traceability value) and continues incrementally; it does not block P4-P7. The redaction gate makes any further conversion safe.
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {
  "scope": "src/**/*.{ts,tsx,js,jsx,mjs,cjs}",
  "syncFs": {
-    "totalOccurrences": 2304,
+    "totalOccurrences": 2301,
-    "filesAffected": 243,
+    "filesAffected": 242,
-    "hotpathOccurrences": 1949,
+    "hotpathOccurrences": 1946,
-    "hotpathFilesAffected": 193,
+    "hotpathFilesAffected": 192,
    "topHotpathFiles": [
      {
        "file": "src/cliproxy/__tests__/pool-routing-phase3.test.ts",
@@ -561,9 +561,9 @@
      "targetRatio": 0.4
    },
    "loggerCoverage": {
-      "filesWithCreateLogger": 35,
+      "filesWithCreateLogger": 64,
      "totalSourceFiles": 685,
-      "coverageRatio": 0.0511,
+      "coverageRatio": 0.0934,
      "subdomainsWithZeroCreateLogger": [
        "api",
        "bin",
@@ -573,16 +573,11 @@
        "cliproxy/ai-providers",
        "cliproxy/binary",
        "cliproxy/config",
        "cliproxy/executor",
        "cliproxy/management",
        "cliproxy/quota",
        "cliproxy/routing",
        "cliproxy/sync",
        "cliproxy/types",
        "config",
        "delegation",
        "dispatcher",
        "docker",
        "shared",
        "types"
      ],
@@ -590,7 +585,7 @@
        {
          "subdomain": "web-server",
          "count": 103,
-          "withLogger": 3
+          "withLogger": 10
        },
        {
          "subdomain": "utils",
@@ -635,75 +630,75 @@
        {
          "subdomain": "cliproxy/executor",
          "count": 17,
-          "withLogger": 0
+          "withLogger": 4
        }
      ]
    },
    "hotpathConsoleErrors": {
-      "totalOccurrences": 1091,
+      "totalOccurrences": 569,
-      "exemptOccurrences": 160,
+      "exemptOccurrences": 302,
-      "hotpathOccurrences": 931,
+      "hotpathOccurrences": 267,
-      "filesAffected": 134,
+      "filesAffected": 82,
      "topFiles": [
        {
-          "file": "src/utils/error-manager.ts",
+          "file": "src/errors/error-handler.ts",
-          "count": 142
+          "count": 11
        },
        {
-          "file": "src/cliproxy/accounts/account-safety.ts",
+          "file": "src/utils/prompt.ts",
-          "count": 56
+          "count": 11
        },
        {
-          "file": "src/cliproxy/config/model-config.ts",
+          "file": "src/utils/websearch/profile-hook-injector.ts",
-          "count": 32
+          "count": 10
        },
        {
-          "file": "src/cliproxy/executor/arg-parser.ts",
+          "file": "src/cliproxy/accounts/account-safety-cross-lane.ts",
-          "count": 26
+          "count": 9
        },
        {
-          "file": "src/dispatcher/flows/settings-flow.ts",
+          "file": "src/utils/hooks/image-analyzer-profile-hook-injector.ts",
-          "count": 26
+          "count": 9
        },
        {
-          "file": "src/copilot/copilot-executor.ts",
+          "file": "src/utils/websearch/hook-installer.ts",
-          "count": 24
+          "count": 8
        },
        {
-          "file": "src/delegation/delegation-handler.ts",
+          "file": "src/cliproxy/auth/token-manager.ts",
-          "count": 23
+          "count": 7
        },
        {
-          "file": "src/dispatcher/cli-argument-parser.ts",
+          "file": "src/cliproxy/binary/downloader.ts",
-          "count": 22
+          "count": 7
        },
        {
-          "file": "src/web-server/routes/cliproxy-stats-routes.ts",
+          "file": "src/cliproxy/executor/account-resolution.ts",
-          "count": 22
+          "count": 7
        },
        {
-          "file": "src/cliproxy/executor/lifecycle-manager.ts",
+          "file": "src/config/unified-config-loader.ts",
-          "count": 16
+          "count": 7
        },
        {
-          "file": "src/cursor/cursor-profile-executor.ts",
+          "file": "src/targets/claude-adapter.ts",
-          "count": 16
+          "count": 7
        },
        {
-          "file": "src/dispatcher/profile-resolver.ts",
+          "file": "src/utils/shell-executor.ts",
-          "count": 16
+          "count": 7
        },
        {
-          "file": "src/cliproxy/auth/antigravity-responsibility.ts",
+          "file": "src/utils/websearch/hook-config.ts",
-          "count": 15
+          "count": 7
        },
        {
-          "file": "src/cliproxy/executor/auth-coordinator.ts",
+          "file": "src/targets/droid-detector.ts",
-          "count": 14
+          "count": 6
        },
        {
-          "file": "src/cliproxy/executor/model-warnings.ts",
+          "file": "src/utils/hooks/image-analyzer-hook-installer.ts",
-          "count": 13
+          "count": 6
        }
      ]
    },
@@ -717,31 +712,31 @@
        },
        {
          "file": "src/web-server/routes/cliproxy-auth-routes.ts",
-          "loc": 1502
+          "loc": 1515
        },
        {
          "file": "src/cliproxy/auth/oauth-handler.ts",
          "loc": 1453
        },
        {
          "file": "src/web-server/routes/cliproxy-stats-routes.ts",
          "loc": 1238
        },
        {
          "file": "src/cursor/cursor-executor.ts",
          "loc": 1234
        },
        {
          "file": "src/cliproxy/quota/quota-fetcher-gemini-cli.ts",
-          "loc": 1130
+          "loc": 1183
        },
        {
          "file": "src/commands/cliproxy/quota-subcommand.ts",
          "loc": 1130
        },
        {
          "file": "src/web-server/routes/cliproxy-stats-routes.ts",
          "loc": 1103
        },
        {
          "file": "src/cliproxy/quota/quota-fetcher.ts",
-          "loc": 1087
+          "loc": 1094
        },
        {
          "file": "src/commands/persist-command.ts",
@@ -755,14 +750,14 @@
          "file": "src/web-server/routes/settings-routes.ts",
          "loc": 1040
        },
        {
          "file": "src/cliproxy/proxy/tool-sanitization-proxy.ts",
          "loc": 1039
        },
        {
          "file": "src/cliproxy/config/env-builder.ts",
          "loc": 1037
        },
        {
          "file": "src/cliproxy/proxy/tool-sanitization-proxy.ts",
          "loc": 1022
        },
        {
          "file": "src/cliproxy/auth/oauth-process.ts",
          "loc": 1018
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Scope: `src/**/*.{ts,tsx,js,jsx,mjs,cjs}`
 | Metric | Value |
 |---|---:|
-| Sync fs occurrences (all) | 2304 |
+| Sync fs occurrences (all) | 2301 |
-| Sync fs files affected (all) | 243 |
+| Sync fs files affected (all) | 242 |
-| Sync fs occurrences (runtime hotpaths) | 1949 |
+| Sync fs occurrences (runtime hotpaths) | 1946 |
-| Sync fs files affected (runtime hotpaths) | 193 |
+| Sync fs files affected (runtime hotpaths) | 192 |
 | Legacy shim markers | 424 |
 | Legacy shim files affected | 163 |
@@ -58,10 +58,10 @@ Scope: `src/**/*.{ts,tsx,js,jsx,mjs,cjs}`
 |---|---:|
 | typed-error adoption (typed/total throws) | 0.9% (4/431) |
 | typed-error adoption (P4 locked subdomains) | 0.0% (0/23), target 40% |
-| hotpath console.error/warn occurrences | 931 (1091 total, 160 CLI-UX exempt) |
+| hotpath console.error/warn occurrences | 267 (569 total, 302 CLI-UX exempt) |
-| hotpath console.error/warn files | 134 |
+| hotpath console.error/warn files | 82 |
-| files with createLogger | 35/685 |
+| files with createLogger | 64/685 |
-| subdomains with zero createLogger | 20 (api, bin, channels, cliproxy, cliproxy/accounts, cliproxy/ai-providers, cliproxy/binary, cliproxy/config, cliproxy/executor, cliproxy/management, cliproxy/quota, cliproxy/routing, cliproxy/sync, cliproxy/types, config, delegation, dispatcher, docker, shared, types) |
+| subdomains with zero createLogger | 15 (api, bin, channels, cliproxy, cliproxy/accounts, cliproxy/ai-providers, cliproxy/binary, cliproxy/config, cliproxy/management, cliproxy/sync, cliproxy/types, config, dispatcher, shared, types) |
 | files > 400 LOC | 95 |
 | files > 600 LOC | 45 |
@@ -69,39 +69,39 @@ Scope: `src/**/*.{ts,tsx,js,jsx,mjs,cjs}`
 | File | console.error/warn |
 |---|---:|
-| `src/utils/error-manager.ts` | 142 |
+| `src/errors/error-handler.ts` | 11 |
-| `src/cliproxy/accounts/account-safety.ts` | 56 |
+| `src/utils/prompt.ts` | 11 |
-| `src/cliproxy/config/model-config.ts` | 32 |
+| `src/utils/websearch/profile-hook-injector.ts` | 10 |
-| `src/cliproxy/executor/arg-parser.ts` | 26 |
+| `src/cliproxy/accounts/account-safety-cross-lane.ts` | 9 |
-| `src/dispatcher/flows/settings-flow.ts` | 26 |
+| `src/utils/hooks/image-analyzer-profile-hook-injector.ts` | 9 |
-| `src/copilot/copilot-executor.ts` | 24 |
+| `src/utils/websearch/hook-installer.ts` | 8 |
-| `src/delegation/delegation-handler.ts` | 23 |
+| `src/cliproxy/auth/token-manager.ts` | 7 |
-| `src/dispatcher/cli-argument-parser.ts` | 22 |
+| `src/cliproxy/binary/downloader.ts` | 7 |
-| `src/web-server/routes/cliproxy-stats-routes.ts` | 22 |
+| `src/cliproxy/executor/account-resolution.ts` | 7 |
-| `src/cliproxy/executor/lifecycle-manager.ts` | 16 |
+| `src/config/unified-config-loader.ts` | 7 |
-| `src/cursor/cursor-profile-executor.ts` | 16 |
+| `src/targets/claude-adapter.ts` | 7 |
-| `src/dispatcher/profile-resolver.ts` | 16 |
+| `src/utils/shell-executor.ts` | 7 |
-| `src/cliproxy/auth/antigravity-responsibility.ts` | 15 |
+| `src/utils/websearch/hook-config.ts` | 7 |
-| `src/cliproxy/executor/auth-coordinator.ts` | 14 |
+| `src/targets/droid-detector.ts` | 6 |
-| `src/cliproxy/executor/model-warnings.ts` | 13 |
+| `src/utils/hooks/image-analyzer-hook-installer.ts` | 6 |
 ### Files > 400 LOC (top 15)
 | File | LOC |
 |---|---:|
 | `src/management/shared-manager.ts` | 1631 |
-| `src/web-server/routes/cliproxy-auth-routes.ts` | 1502 |
+| `src/web-server/routes/cliproxy-auth-routes.ts` | 1515 |
 | `src/cliproxy/auth/oauth-handler.ts` | 1453 |
 | `src/web-server/routes/cliproxy-stats-routes.ts` | 1238 |
 | `src/cursor/cursor-executor.ts` | 1234 |
-| `src/cliproxy/quota/quota-fetcher-gemini-cli.ts` | 1130 |
+| `src/cliproxy/quota/quota-fetcher-gemini-cli.ts` | 1183 |
 | `src/commands/cliproxy/quota-subcommand.ts` | 1130 |
-| `src/web-server/routes/cliproxy-stats-routes.ts` | 1103 |
+| `src/cliproxy/quota/quota-fetcher.ts` | 1094 |
 | `src/cliproxy/quota/quota-fetcher.ts` | 1087 |
 | `src/commands/persist-command.ts` | 1071 |
 | `src/web-server/model-pricing.ts` | 1070 |
 | `src/web-server/routes/settings-routes.ts` | 1040 |
 | `src/cliproxy/proxy/tool-sanitization-proxy.ts` | 1039 |
 | `src/cliproxy/config/env-builder.ts` | 1037 |
 | `src/cliproxy/proxy/tool-sanitization-proxy.ts` | 1022 |
 | `src/cliproxy/auth/oauth-process.ts` | 1018 |
 | `src/cliproxy/config/generator.ts` | 1012 |
@@ -52,8 +52,15 @@ const TYPED_ADOPTION_SUBDOMAINS = ['cliproxy/quota', 'cliproxy/auth', 'web-serve
 // CLI-UX print surfaces exempt from the hotpath console.error sweep (P3).
 // Diagnostics here are legitimate user-facing terminal output, not loggable
-// errors, and stay on stdout/stderr via utils/ui.
+// errors, and stay on stdout/stderr via utils/ui. src/utils/error-manager.ts is
-const CLI_UX_EXEMPT_PREFIXES = ['src/commands/', 'src/management/', 'src/utils/ui/'];
+// the user-facing error display module (ErrorManager.show*), a sibling to
 // utils/ui, so its console.error calls are display output, not diagnostics.
 const CLI_UX_EXEMPT_PREFIXES = [
  'src/commands/',
  'src/management/',
  'src/utils/ui/',
  'src/utils/error-manager.ts',
 ];
 const THROW_NEW_REGEX = /\bthrow\s+new\s+([A-Za-z_$][A-Za-z0-9_$]*)\s*\(/g;
 const CONSOLE_ERR_WARN_REGEX = /\bconsole\s*\.\s*(?:error|warn)\s*\(/g;
@@ -252,32 +252,36 @@ export function warnCrossProviderDuplicates(provider: CLIProxyProvider): boolean
  const duplicates = detectCrossProviderDuplicates();
  if (duplicates.size === 0) return false;
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
-  console.error(warn('Account safety: cross-provider duplicate detected'));
+  process.stderr.write(String(warn('Account safety: cross-provider duplicate detected')) + '\n');
-  console.error(
+  process.stderr.write(
-    '    Same Google account across "ccs gemini" + "ccs agy" is a known suspension/ban risk (ref: #509).'
+    '    Same Google account across "ccs gemini" + "ccs agy" is a known suspension/ban risk (ref: #509).\n'
  );
-  console.error('    This risk applies to both CLI sessions and accounts added from "ccs config".');
+  process.stderr.write(
-  console.error(
+    '    This risk applies to both CLI sessions and accounts added from "ccs config".\n'
    '    If provider requests start returning 403/Forbidden, treat it as a possible account disable/ban.'
  );
-  console.error(
+  process.stderr.write(
-    '    If you want to keep Google AI access on this account, do not continue this shared-account setup.'
+    '    If provider requests start returning 403/Forbidden, treat it as a possible account disable/ban.\n'
  );
-  console.error(
+  process.stderr.write(
-    '    CCS is provided as-is and cannot take responsibility for suspension/ban/access-loss decisions.'
+    '    If you want to keep Google AI access on this account, do not continue this shared-account setup.\n'
  );
-  console.error(`    Details: ${ISSUE_509_URL}`);
+  process.stderr.write(
-  console.error('');
+    '    CCS is provided as-is and cannot take responsibility for suspension/ban/access-loss decisions.\n'
  );
  process.stderr.write(`    Details: ${ISSUE_509_URL}\n`);
  process.stderr.write('\n');
  for (const [email, providers] of duplicates) {
-    console.error(`    ${maskEmail(email)} -> ${providers.join(', ')}`);
+    process.stderr.write(`    ${maskEmail(email)} -> ${providers.join(', ')}\n`);
  }
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
-  console.error('    Immediate action: pause duplicate account and use separate Google accounts.');
+  process.stderr.write(
-  console.error('    Fix command: "ccs cliproxy pause <account> --provider <provider>"');
+    '    Immediate action: pause duplicate account and use separate Google accounts.\n'
-  console.error('');
+  );
  process.stderr.write('    Fix command: "ccs cliproxy pause <account> --provider <provider>"\n');
  process.stderr.write('\n');
  return true;
 }
@@ -289,27 +293,31 @@ export function warnNewAccountConflict(
  email: string,
  conflictingProviders: CLIProxyProvider[]
 ): void {
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
-  console.error(warn('Account safety: this email is used by another provider'));
+  process.stderr.write(
-  console.error(
+    String(warn('Account safety: this email is used by another provider')) + '\n'
    `    ${maskEmail(email)} is also registered under: ${conflictingProviders.join(', ')}`
  );
-  console.error(
+  process.stderr.write(
-    '    Reusing one Google account between "ccs gemini" and "ccs agy" can trigger bans.'
+    `    ${maskEmail(email)} is also registered under: ${conflictingProviders.join(', ')}\n`
  );
-  console.error(
+  process.stderr.write(
-    '    This applies to both CLI auth and "ccs config" dashboard auth for these providers.'
+    '    Reusing one Google account between "ccs gemini" and "ccs agy" can trigger bans.\n'
  );
-  console.error('    403/Forbidden responses can be an early sign of account disablement.');
+  process.stderr.write(
-  console.error(
+    '    This applies to both CLI auth and "ccs config" dashboard auth for these providers.\n'
    '    If you want to keep Google AI access, do not continue with this shared-account setup.'
  );
-  console.error(
+  process.stderr.write(
-    '    CCS is provided as-is and cannot take responsibility for suspension/ban/access-loss decisions.'
+    '    403/Forbidden responses can be an early sign of account disablement.\n'
  );
-  console.error('    Consider pausing the duplicate or using a different account.');
+  process.stderr.write(
-  console.error(`    Details: ${ISSUE_509_URL}`);
+    '    If you want to keep Google AI access, do not continue with this shared-account setup.\n'
-  console.error('');
+  );
  process.stderr.write(
    '    CCS is provided as-is and cannot take responsibility for suspension/ban/access-loss decisions.\n'
  );
  process.stderr.write('    Consider pausing the duplicate or using a different account.\n');
  process.stderr.write(`    Details: ${ISSUE_509_URL}\n`);
  process.stderr.write('\n');
 }
 function isBanWarningProvider(provider: CLIProxyProvider): boolean {
@@ -324,27 +332,29 @@ export function warnOAuthBanRisk(provider: CLIProxyProvider): void {
  shownBanWarnings.add(provider);
  const isAgy = provider === 'agy';
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
-  console.error(warn('Account safety warning (#509 - read before continuing)'));
+  process.stderr.write(
-  console.error(
+    String(warn('Account safety warning (#509 - read before continuing)')) + '\n'
-    '    Known risk: one Google account shared by "ccs gemini" + "ccs agy" can be disabled/banned.'
+  );
  process.stderr.write(
    '    Known risk: one Google account shared by "ccs gemini" + "ccs agy" can be disabled/banned.\n'
  );
  if (isAgy) {
-    console.error(
+    process.stderr.write(
-      '    Antigravity-specific warning: OAuth usage can still trigger suspension/ban patterns.'
+      '    Antigravity-specific warning: OAuth usage can still trigger suspension/ban patterns.\n'
    );
  }
-  console.error(
+  process.stderr.write(
-    '    This risk applies whether auth was done from CLI or from "ccs config" dashboard.'
+    '    This risk applies whether auth was done from CLI or from "ccs config" dashboard.\n'
  );
-  console.error(
+  process.stderr.write(
-    '    If you want to keep Google AI access, do not continue with this shared-account setup.'
+    '    If you want to keep Google AI access, do not continue with this shared-account setup.\n'
  );
-  console.error(
+  process.stderr.write(
-    '    CCS is provided as-is and cannot take responsibility for suspension/ban/access-loss decisions.'
+    '    CCS is provided as-is and cannot take responsibility for suspension/ban/access-loss decisions.\n'
  );
-  console.error(`    Details: ${ISSUE_509_URL}`);
+  process.stderr.write(`    Details: ${ISSUE_509_URL}\n`);
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
 }
 /**
@@ -364,20 +374,22 @@ export function warnPossible403Ban(provider: CLIProxyProvider, errorMessage: str
    return false;
  }
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
-  console.error(warn(`Account safety: ${provider} returned 403/Forbidden (possible disable/ban)`));
+  process.stderr.write(
-  console.error(
+    String(warn(`Account safety: ${provider} returned 403/Forbidden (possible disable/ban)`)) + '\n'
    '    For gemini/agy flows this often means Google blocked or disabled the account.'
  );
-  console.error(
+  process.stderr.write(
-    '    If you want to keep Google AI access, stop using this account/provider pairing immediately.'
+    '    For gemini/agy flows this often means Google blocked or disabled the account.\n'
  );
-  console.error(
+  process.stderr.write(
-    '    CCS is provided as-is and cannot take responsibility for suspension/ban/access-loss decisions.'
+    '    If you want to keep Google AI access, stop using this account/provider pairing immediately.\n'
  );
-  console.error(`    Details: ${ISSUE_509_URL}`);
+  process.stderr.write(
-  console.error(`    Error: "${truncate(errorMessage, 160)}"`);
+    '    CCS is provided as-is and cannot take responsibility for suspension/ban/access-loss decisions.\n'
-  console.error('');
+  );
  process.stderr.write(`    Details: ${ISSUE_509_URL}\n`);
  process.stderr.write(`    Error: "${truncate(errorMessage, 160)}"\n`);
  process.stderr.write('\n');
  return true;
 }
@@ -402,10 +414,12 @@ export function cleanupStaleAutoPauses(): void {
    for (const { provider, accountId } of session.accounts) {
      resumeAccount(provider, accountId);
    }
-    console.error(
+    process.stderr.write(
      String(
        info(
          `Restored ${session.accounts.length} auto-paused account(s) from crashed ${session.initiator} session`
        )
      ) + '\n'
    );
  }
@@ -561,15 +575,17 @@ export function enforceProviderIsolation(provider: CLIProxyProvider): number {
  });
  saveAutoPaused(freshData);
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
-  console.error(info(`Account safety: auto-paused ${toPause.length} conflicting account(s)`));
+  process.stderr.write(
    String(info(`Account safety: auto-paused ${toPause.length} conflicting account(s)`)) + '\n'
  );
  for (const { provider: p, accountId } of toPause) {
    const acct = registry.providers[p]?.accounts[accountId];
    const display = acct?.email ? maskEmail(acct.email) : accountId;
-    console.error(`    ${display} (${p})`);
+    process.stderr.write(`    ${display} (${p})\n`);
  }
-  console.error('    Will restore on session exit.');
+  process.stderr.write('    Will restore on session exit.\n');
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
  return toPause.length;
 }
@@ -646,14 +662,14 @@ export function handleBanDetection(
  if (!isBanResponse(errorMessage, provider)) return false;
  const actor = banActor(provider);
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
-  console.error(warn(`Account safety: account appears disabled by ${actor}`));
+  process.stderr.write(String(warn(`Account safety: account appears disabled by ${actor}`)) + '\n');
-  console.error(`    Account "${maskEmail(accountId)}" (${provider}) returned:`);
+  process.stderr.write(`    Account "${maskEmail(accountId)}" (${provider}) returned:\n`);
-  console.error(`    "${truncate(errorMessage, 120)}"`);
+  process.stderr.write(`    "${truncate(errorMessage, 120)}"\n`);
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
-  console.error(info('Auto-pausing this account to prevent further issues.'));
+  process.stderr.write(String(info('Auto-pausing this account to prevent further issues.')) + '\n');
-  console.error(`    Resume later: ccs ${provider} --resume ${accountId}`);
+  process.stderr.write(`    Resume later: ccs ${provider} --resume ${accountId}\n`);
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
  return pauseAccount(provider, accountId);
 }
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ async function askYesNoStep(rl: Interface, step: string, message: string): Promi
    const normalized = answer.toUpperCase();
    if (normalized === 'YES') return true;
    if (normalized === 'NO' || normalized === 'N' || normalized === '') return false;
-    console.error(warn('Please type YES or NO.'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(warn('Please type YES or NO.')) + '\n');
  }
 }
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ async function askResponsibilityPhrase(rl: Interface): Promise<boolean> {
    if (normalizePhrase(answer) === ANTIGRAVITY_ACK_PHRASE) {
      return true;
    }
-    console.error(warn('Phrase mismatch. Try again.'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(warn('Phrase mismatch. Try again.')) + '\n');
  }
  return false;
 }
@@ -119,14 +119,22 @@ function printResponsibilityHeader(context: AgyRiskContext): void {
      ? 'You are starting Antigravity OAuth account authorization.'
      : 'You are starting a live Antigravity CLI session (ccs agy).';
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('' + '\n');
-  console.error('╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗');
+  process.stderr.write(
-  console.error('║ Antigravity Responsibility Confirmation (Mandatory)                  ║');
+    '╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗' + '\n'
-  console.error('╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝');
+  );
-  console.error(`    ${contextLine}`);
+  process.stderr.write(
-  console.error('    Antigravity has active ban/suspension patterns for risky OAuth usage.');
+    '║ Antigravity Responsibility Confirmation (Mandatory)                  ║' + '\n'
-  console.error(`    Policy issue: ${ANTIGRAVITY_RISK_ISSUE_URL}`);
+  );
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write(
    '╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝' + '\n'
  );
  process.stderr.write(`    ${contextLine}` + '\n');
  process.stderr.write(
    '    Antigravity has active ban/suspension patterns for risky OAuth usage.' + '\n'
  );
  process.stderr.write(`    Policy issue: ${ANTIGRAVITY_RISK_ISSUE_URL}` + '\n');
  process.stderr.write('' + '\n');
 }
 export function hasAntigravityRiskAcceptanceFlag(args: string[]): boolean {
@@ -178,9 +186,11 @@ export async function ensureCliAntigravityResponsibility(
  }
  if (!process.stdin.isTTY || !process.stderr.isTTY) {
-    console.error(fail('Antigravity responsibility acknowledgement required.'));
+    process.stderr.write(
-    console.error('    Re-run interactively and complete the 4-step confirmation.');
+      String(fail('Antigravity responsibility acknowledgement required.')) + '\n'
-    console.error('    Non-interactive override: --accept-agr-risk');
+    );
    process.stderr.write('    Re-run interactively and complete the 4-step confirmation.' + '\n');
    process.stderr.write('    Non-interactive override: --accept-agr-risk' + '\n');
    return false;
  }
@@ -216,8 +226,10 @@ export async function ensureCliAntigravityResponsibility(
    const step4 = await askResponsibilityPhrase(rl);
    if (!step4) return false;
-    console.error(ok('Antigravity responsibility acknowledgement accepted for this command.'));
+    process.stderr.write(
-    console.error(info('Proceeding with Antigravity flow...'));
+      String(ok('Antigravity responsibility acknowledgement accepted for this command.')) + '\n'
    );
    process.stderr.write(String(info('Proceeding with Antigravity flow...')) + '\n');
    return true;
  } finally {
    rl.close();
@@ -135,13 +135,17 @@ export async function configureProviderModel(
  const safeDefaultIdx = defaultIdx >= 0 ? defaultIdx : 0;
  // Show header with context (gradient like ccs doctor)
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
-  console.error(header(`Configure ${catalog.displayName} Model`));
+  process.stderr.write(String(header(`Configure ${catalog.displayName} Model`)) + '\n');
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
-  console.error(dim('    Select which model to use for this provider.'));
+  process.stderr.write(String(dim('    Select which model to use for this provider.')) + '\n');
-  console.error(dim('    Models marked [Pro]/[Ultra] require a paid provider plan.'));
+  process.stderr.write(
-  console.error(dim('    Models marked [DEPRECATED] are not recommended for use.'));
+    String(dim('    Models marked [Pro]/[Ultra] require a paid provider plan.')) + '\n'
-  console.error('');
+  );
  process.stderr.write(
    String(dim('    Models marked [DEPRECATED] are not recommended for use.')) + '\n'
  );
  process.stderr.write('\n');
  // Interactive selection
  const selectedModel = await InteractivePrompt.selectFromList('Select model:', options, {
@@ -209,19 +213,21 @@ export async function configureProviderModel(
  const selectedEntry = catalog.models.find((m) => m.id === selectedModel);
  const displayName = selectedEntry?.name || selectedModel;
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
-  console.error(ok(`Model set to: ${bold(displayName)}`));
+  process.stderr.write(String(ok(`Model set to: ${bold(displayName)}`)) + '\n');
-  console.error(dim(`     Config saved: ${settingsPath}`));
+  process.stderr.write(String(dim(`     Config saved: ${settingsPath}`)) + '\n');
  // Show deprecation warning if model is deprecated
  if (selectedEntry?.deprecated) {
-    console.error('');
+    process.stderr.write('\n');
-    console.error(color('[!] DEPRECATION WARNING', 'warning'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(color('[!] DEPRECATION WARNING', 'warning')) + '\n');
    const reason = selectedEntry.deprecationReason || 'This model is deprecated';
-    console.error(dim(`     ${reason}`));
+    process.stderr.write(String(dim(`     ${reason}`)) + '\n');
-    console.error(dim('     Consider using a non-deprecated model for better compatibility.'));
+    process.stderr.write(
      String(dim('     Consider using a non-deprecated model for better compatibility.')) + '\n'
    );
  }
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
  return true;
 }
@@ -231,7 +237,9 @@ export async function configureProviderModel(
 */
 export async function showCurrentConfig(provider: CLIProxyProvider): Promise<void> {
  if (!supportsModelConfig(provider)) {
-    console.error(info(`Provider ${provider} does not support model configuration`));
+    process.stderr.write(
      String(info(`Provider ${provider} does not support model configuration`)) + '\n'
    );
    return;
  }
@@ -247,33 +255,33 @@ export async function showCurrentConfig(provider: CLIProxyProvider): Promise<voi
    ? canonicalizeModelForProvider(provider, currentModel)
    : undefined;
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
-  console.error(header(`${catalog.displayName} Model Configuration`));
+  process.stderr.write(String(header(`${catalog.displayName} Model Configuration`)) + '\n');
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
  if (currentModel) {
    const entry = catalog.models.find((m) => m.id === normalizedCurrentModel);
    const displayName = entry?.name || 'Unknown';
-    console.error(
+    process.stderr.write(
-      `  ${bold('Current:')} ${color(displayName, 'success')} ${dim(`(${currentModel})`)}`
+      `  ${bold('Current:')} ${color(displayName, 'success')} ${dim(`(${currentModel})`)}\n`
    );
-    console.error(`  ${bold('Config:')}  ${dim(settingsPath)}`);
+    process.stderr.write(`  ${bold('Config:')}  ${dim(settingsPath)}\n`);
  } else {
-    console.error(`  ${bold('Current:')} ${dim('(using defaults)')}`);
+    process.stderr.write(`  ${bold('Current:')} ${dim('(using defaults)')}\n`);
-    console.error(`  ${bold('Default:')} ${catalog.defaultModel}`);
+    process.stderr.write(`  ${bold('Default:')} ${catalog.defaultModel}\n`);
  }
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
-  console.error(bold('Available models:'));
+  process.stderr.write(String(bold('Available models:')) + '\n');
-  console.error(dim('  [Pro]/[Ultra] = Requires a paid provider plan'));
+  process.stderr.write(String(dim('  [Pro]/[Ultra] = Requires a paid provider plan')) + '\n');
-  console.error(dim('  [DEPRECATED] = Not recommended for use'));
+  process.stderr.write(String(dim('  [DEPRECATED] = Not recommended for use')) + '\n');
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
  catalog.models.forEach((m) => {
    const isCurrent = m.id === normalizedCurrentModel;
-    console.error(formatModelDetailed(m, isCurrent));
+    process.stderr.write(String(formatModelDetailed(m, isCurrent)) + '\n');
  });
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
-  console.error(dim(`Run "ccs ${provider} --config" to change`));
+  process.stderr.write(String(dim(`Run "ccs ${provider} --config" to change`)) + '\n');
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
 }
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ describe('parseExecutorFlags', () => {
  beforeEach(() => {
    originalExitCode = process.exitCode as number | undefined;
    process.exitCode = 0;
-    errorSpy = jest.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});
+    errorSpy = jest.spyOn(process.stderr, 'write').mockImplementation(() => true);
    exitSpy = jest
      .spyOn(process, 'exit')
      .mockImplementation((() => undefined as never) as typeof process.exit);
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ describe('validateFlagCombinations', () => {
  beforeEach(() => {
    originalExitCode = process.exitCode as number | undefined;
    process.exitCode = 0;
-    errorSpy = jest.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});
+    errorSpy = jest.spyOn(process.stderr, 'write').mockImplementation(() => true);
  });
  afterEach(() => {
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ describe('warnBrokenModels', () => {
  let errorSpy: ReturnType<typeof jest.spyOn>;
  beforeEach(() => {
-    errorSpy = jest.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});
+    errorSpy = jest.spyOn(process.stderr, 'write').mockImplementation(() => true);
    mockGetCurrentModel.mockReset();
    mockIsModelBroken.mockReturnValue(false);
    mockGetModelIssueUrl.mockReturnValue(undefined);
@@ -207,9 +207,9 @@ export function parseExecutorFlags(
  const forceHeadless = args.includes('--headless');
  if (pasteCallback && portForward) {
-    console.error(fail('Cannot use --paste-callback with --port-forward'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail('Cannot use --paste-callback with --port-forward')) + '\n');
-    console.error('    --paste-callback: Manually paste OAuth redirect URL');
+    process.stderr.write('    --paste-callback: Manually paste OAuth redirect URL\n');
-    console.error('    --port-forward: Use SSH port forwarding for callback');
+    process.stderr.write('    --port-forward: Use SSH port forwarding for callback\n');
    process.exit(1);
  }
@@ -247,8 +247,8 @@ export function parseExecutorFlags(
  if (kiroMethodValue.present) {
    const rawMethod = kiroMethodValue.value;
    if (kiroMethodValue.missingValue || !rawMethod) {
-      console.error(fail('--kiro-auth-method requires a value'));
+      process.stderr.write(String(fail('--kiro-auth-method requires a value')) + '\n');
-      console.error('    Supported values: aws, aws-authcode, google, github, idc');
+      process.stderr.write('    Supported values: aws, aws-authcode, google, github, idc\n');
      process.exitCode = 1;
      // Caller must check parseFailed and bail — matching original return behavior
      return buildPartialFlags({
@@ -280,8 +280,8 @@ export function parseExecutorFlags(
    }
    const normalized = rawMethod.trim().toLowerCase();
    if (!isKiroAuthMethod(normalized)) {
-      console.error(fail(`Invalid --kiro-auth-method value: ${rawMethod}`));
+      process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Invalid --kiro-auth-method value: ${rawMethod}`)) + '\n');
-      console.error('    Supported values: aws, aws-authcode, google, github, idc');
+      process.stderr.write('    Supported values: aws, aws-authcode, google, github, idc\n');
      process.exitCode = 1;
      return buildPartialFlags({
        forceAuth,
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ export function parseExecutorFlags(
  if (kiroIDCStartUrlValue.present && kiroIDCStartUrlValue.value) {
    kiroIDCStartUrl = kiroIDCStartUrlValue.value;
  } else if (kiroIDCStartUrlValue.present) {
-    console.error(fail('--kiro-idc-start-url requires a value'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail('--kiro-idc-start-url requires a value')) + '\n');
    process.exitCode = 1;
    return buildPartialFlags({
      forceAuth,
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ export function parseExecutorFlags(
  if (kiroIDCRegionValue.present && kiroIDCRegionValue.value) {
    kiroIDCRegion = kiroIDCRegionValue.value;
  } else if (kiroIDCRegionValue.present) {
-    console.error(fail('--kiro-idc-region requires a value'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail('--kiro-idc-region requires a value')) + '\n');
    process.exitCode = 1;
    return buildPartialFlags({
      forceAuth,
@@ -388,8 +388,8 @@ export function parseExecutorFlags(
  if (kiroIDCFlowValue.present) {
    const rawFlow = kiroIDCFlowValue.value;
    if (kiroIDCFlowValue.missingValue || !rawFlow) {
-      console.error(fail('--kiro-idc-flow requires a value'));
+      process.stderr.write(String(fail('--kiro-idc-flow requires a value')) + '\n');
-      console.error('    Supported values: authcode, device');
+      process.stderr.write('    Supported values: authcode, device\n');
      process.exitCode = 1;
      return buildPartialFlags({
        forceAuth,
@@ -420,8 +420,8 @@ export function parseExecutorFlags(
    }
    const normalized = rawFlow.trim().toLowerCase();
    if (!isKiroIDCFlow(normalized)) {
-      console.error(fail(`Invalid --kiro-idc-flow value: ${rawFlow}`));
+      process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Invalid --kiro-idc-flow value: ${rawFlow}`)) + '\n');
-      console.error('    Supported values: authcode, device');
+      process.stderr.write('    Supported values: authcode, device\n');
      process.exitCode = 1;
      return buildPartialFlags({
        forceAuth,
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ export function parseExecutorFlags(
  if (gitlabBaseUrlValue.present && gitlabBaseUrlValue.value) {
    gitlabBaseUrl = gitlabBaseUrlValue.value.trim();
  } else if (gitlabBaseUrlValue.present) {
-    console.error(fail('--gitlab-url requires a value'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail('--gitlab-url requires a value')) + '\n');
    process.exitCode = 1;
    return buildPartialFlags({
      forceAuth,
@@ -492,14 +492,14 @@ export function parseExecutorFlags(
  const thinkingParse = parseThinkingOverride(args);
  if (thinkingParse.error) {
    const { flag } = thinkingParse.error;
-    console.error(fail(`${flag} requires a value`));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail(`${flag} requires a value`)) + '\n');
    if (provider === 'codex') {
-      console.error('    Codex examples: --effort xhigh, --effort high, --effort medium');
+      process.stderr.write('    Codex examples: --effort xhigh, --effort high, --effort medium\n');
-      console.error('    Alias: --thinking xhigh (same behavior)');
+      process.stderr.write('    Alias: --thinking xhigh (same behavior)\n');
    } else {
-      console.error('    Examples: --thinking low, --thinking 8192, --thinking off');
+      process.stderr.write('    Examples: --thinking low, --thinking 8192, --thinking off\n');
-      console.error('    Levels: minimal, low, medium, high, xhigh, max, auto');
+      process.stderr.write('    Levels: minimal, low, medium, high, xhigh, max, auto\n');
    }
    process.exit(1);
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ export function parseExecutorFlags(
  const hasNo1mFlag = args.includes('--no-1m') || args.some((arg) => arg.startsWith('--no-1m='));
  if (has1mFlag && hasNo1mFlag) {
-    console.error(fail('Cannot use both --1m and --no-1m flags'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail('Cannot use both --1m and --no-1m flags')) + '\n');
    process.exit(1);
  } else if (has1mFlag) {
    extendedContextOverride = true;
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ export function validateFlagCombinations(
  } = parsed;
  if (kiroAuthMethod && provider !== 'kiro' && !compositeProviders.includes('kiro')) {
-    console.error(fail('--kiro-auth-method is only valid for ccs kiro'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail('--kiro-auth-method is only valid for ccs kiro')) + '\n');
    process.exitCode = 1;
    return false;
  }
@@ -594,19 +594,21 @@ export function validateFlagCombinations(
    provider !== 'kiro' &&
    !compositeProviders.includes('kiro')
  ) {
-    console.error(
+    process.stderr.write(
      String(
        fail(
          '--kiro-idc-start-url, --kiro-idc-region, and --kiro-idc-flow are only valid for ccs kiro'
        )
      ) + '\n'
    );
    process.exitCode = 1;
    return false;
  }
  if (kiroAuthMethod === 'idc' && !kiroIDCStartUrl) {
-    console.error(fail('Kiro IDC login requires --kiro-idc-start-url'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail('Kiro IDC login requires --kiro-idc-start-url')) + '\n');
-    console.error(
+    process.stderr.write(
-      '    Example: ccs kiro --auth --kiro-auth-method idc --kiro-idc-start-url https://d-xxx.awsapps.com/start'
+      '    Example: ccs kiro --auth --kiro-auth-method idc --kiro-idc-start-url https://d-xxx.awsapps.com/start\n'
    );
    process.exitCode = 1;
    return false;
@@ -617,10 +619,12 @@ export function validateFlagCombinations(
    kiroAuthMethod !== 'idc' &&
    (kiroIDCStartUrl || kiroIDCRegion || kiroIDCFlow)
  ) {
-    console.error(
+    process.stderr.write(
      String(
        fail(
          '--kiro-idc-start-url, --kiro-idc-region, and --kiro-idc-flow require --kiro-auth-method idc'
        )
      ) + '\n'
    );
    process.exitCode = 1;
    return false;
@@ -628,7 +632,7 @@ export function validateFlagCombinations(
  if ((gitlabTokenLogin || gitlabBaseUrl) && provider !== 'gitlab') {
    const flagName = gitlabTokenLogin ? getGitLabTokenLoginFlagName(args) : '--gitlab-url';
-    console.error(fail(`${flagName} is only valid for ccs gitlab`));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail(`${flagName} is only valid for ccs gitlab`)) + '\n');
    process.exitCode = 1;
    return false;
  }
@@ -95,18 +95,18 @@ export async function handleImport(context: AuthCoordinationContext): Promise<bo
  if (!forceImport) return false;
  if (provider !== 'kiro') {
-    console.error(fail('--import is only available for Kiro'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail('--import is only available for Kiro')) + '\n');
-    console.error(`    Run "ccs ${provider} --auth" to authenticate`);
+    process.stderr.write(`    Run "ccs ${provider} --auth" to authenticate` + '\n');
    process.exit(1);
  }
  if (forceAuth) {
-    console.error(fail('Cannot use --import with --auth'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail('Cannot use --import with --auth')) + '\n');
-    console.error('    --import: Import existing token from Kiro IDE');
+    process.stderr.write('    --import: Import existing token from Kiro IDE' + '\n');
-    console.error('    --auth: Trigger new OAuth flow in browser');
+    process.stderr.write('    --auth: Trigger new OAuth flow in browser' + '\n');
    process.exit(1);
  }
  if (forceLogout) {
-    console.error(fail('Cannot use --import with --logout'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail('Cannot use --import with --logout')) + '\n');
    process.exit(1);
  }
@@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ export async function handleImport(context: AuthCoordinationContext): Promise<bo
    ...(setNickname ? { nickname: setNickname } : {}),
  });
  if (!authSuccess) {
-    console.error(fail('Failed to import Kiro token from IDE'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail('Failed to import Kiro token from IDE')) + '\n');
-    console.error('    Make sure you are logged into Kiro IDE first');
+    process.stderr.write('    Make sure you are logged into Kiro IDE first' + '\n');
    process.exit(1);
  }
  process.exit(0);
@@ -177,7 +177,10 @@ export async function runAntigravityGate(
        `Antigravity auth blocked. Re-run after completing confirmation or pass ${ANTIGRAVITY_ACCEPT_RISK_FLAGS[0]}.`
      );
    }
-    console.error(info('Remote proxy mode is active; local OAuth flow is skipped in --auth mode.'));
+    process.stderr.write(
      String(info('Remote proxy mode is active; local OAuth flow is skipped in --auth mode.')) +
        '\n'
    );
    return { earlyReturn: true };
  }
@@ -189,10 +192,12 @@ export async function runAntigravityGate(
        acceptedByFlag: acceptAgyRisk,
      });
      if (!acknowledged) {
-        console.error(
+        process.stderr.write(
          String(
            fail(
              `Antigravity session blocked. Re-run after completing confirmation or pass ${ANTIGRAVITY_ACCEPT_RISK_FLAGS[0]}.`
            )
          ) + '\n'
        );
        process.exit(1);
      }
@@ -262,9 +267,9 @@ export async function ensureProviderAuthentication(
      }
      if (failures.length > 0) {
        const succeeded = compositeProviders.filter((p) => !failures.includes(p));
-        console.error(fail(`Auth failed for: ${failures.join(', ')}`));
+        process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Auth failed for: ${failures.join(', ')}`)) + '\n');
        if (succeeded.length > 0) {
-          console.error(info(`Succeeded: ${succeeded.join(', ')}`));
+          process.stderr.write(String(info(`Succeeded: ${succeeded.join(', ')}`)) + '\n');
        }
        process.exit(1);
      }
@@ -279,9 +284,11 @@ export async function ensureProviderAuthentication(
      }
    }
    if (unauthenticatedProviders.length > 0) {
-      console.error(fail('Composite variant requires authentication for multiple providers:'));
+      process.stderr.write(
        String(fail('Composite variant requires authentication for multiple providers:')) + '\n'
      );
      for (const p of unauthenticatedProviders) {
-        console.error(`    - ${p} (run "ccs ${p} --auth")`);
+        process.stderr.write(`    - ${p} (run "ccs ${p} --auth")` + '\n');
      }
      process.exit(1);
    }
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@
 import { ChildProcess } from 'child_process';
 import * as fs from 'fs';
 import { fail, info, warn } from '../../utils/ui';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 const logger = createLogger('cliproxy:executor');
 import {
  generateConfig,
  getProviderConfig,
@@ -107,14 +110,14 @@ export async function execClaudeWithCLIProxy(
  // Validate Claude CLI exists before proceeding
  if (!fs.existsSync(claudeCli)) {
-    console.error(fail(`Claude CLI not found at: ${claudeCli}`));
+    process.stderr.write(`${fail(`Claude CLI not found at: ${claudeCli}`)}\n`);
-    console.error('    Run "ccs doctor --fix" to reinstall or check your PATH');
+    process.stderr.write('    Run "ccs doctor --fix" to reinstall or check your PATH\n');
    process.exit(1);
  }
  const log = (msg: string) => {
    if (verbose) {
-      console.error(`[cliproxy] ${msg}`);
+      logger.info('verbose', msg);
    }
  };
@@ -203,16 +206,16 @@ export async function execClaudeWithCLIProxy(
  const thinkingCfg = getThinkingConfig();
  if (thinkingParse.duplicateDisplays.length > 0) {
-    console.warn(
+    process.stderr.write(
-      `[!] Multiple reasoning flags detected. Using first occurrence: ${thinkingParse.sourceDisplay}`
+      `[!] Multiple reasoning flags detected. Using first occurrence: ${thinkingParse.sourceDisplay}\n`
    );
  }
  if (thinkingParse.sourceFlag === '--effort' && provider !== 'codex') {
-    console.warn(
+    process.stderr.write(
-      warn(
+      `${warn(
        '`--effort` is primarily for codex. Continuing as alias of `--thinking` for compatibility.'
-      )
+      )}\n`
    );
  }
@@ -227,7 +230,9 @@ export async function execClaudeWithCLIProxy(
      console.log(
        warn('Composite variants use per-tier config. Edit config.yaml to change tier models.')
      );
-      console.error(`    Use "ccs cliproxy edit ${variantName}" to modify composite variants`);
+      process.stderr.write(
        `    Use "ccs cliproxy edit ${variantName}" to modify composite variants\n`
      );
      process.exit(1);
    } else {
      // Run the one-time stale-pin migration on the pre-existing settings file
@@ -369,7 +374,7 @@ export async function execClaudeWithCLIProxy(
      );
    } catch (error) {
      const err = error as Error;
-      console.error(warn(`Failed to start HTTPS tunnel: ${err.message}`));
+      process.stderr.write(`${warn(`Failed to start HTTPS tunnel: ${err.message}`)}\n`);
      throw new Error(`HTTPS tunnel startup failed: ${err.message}`);
    }
  } else if (useRemoteProxy && proxyConfig.protocol === 'https' && provider === 'codex') {
@@ -526,16 +531,16 @@ export async function execClaudeWithCLIProxy(
  const webSearchEnv = getWebSearchHookEnv();
  if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-    console.error(
+    logger.info('browser-env-keys', 'CCS_BROWSER_* keys in environment', {
-      `[cliproxy-browser-debug] keys=${Object.keys(env)
+      keys: Object.keys(env)
        .filter((key) => key.startsWith('CCS_BROWSER_'))
-        .sort()
+        .sort(),
-        .join(',')} ws=${env.CCS_BROWSER_DEVTOOLS_WS_URL || ''}`
+      ws: env.CCS_BROWSER_DEVTOOLS_WS_URL || '',
-    );
+    });
  }
  logEnvironment(env, webSearchEnv, verbose);
  if (imageAnalysisWarning) {
-    console.error(info(imageAnalysisWarning));
+    process.stderr.write(`${info(imageAnalysisWarning)}\n`);
  }
  // 11b. Print thinking status feedback (TTY only, non-piped sessions)
@@ -547,7 +552,7 @@ export async function execClaudeWithCLIProxy(
      thinkingParse.sourceDisplay
    );
-    console.error(`[i] Thinking: ${thinkingLabel} (${sourceLabel})`);
+    process.stderr.write(`[i] Thinking: ${thinkingLabel} (${sourceLabel})\n`);
  }
  // 12. Filter CCS flags, spawn Claude CLI, start quota monitor, wire cleanup
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ import { fail } from '../../utils/ui';
 import { getCliproxyWritablePath } from '../config/config-generator';
 import { getPortCheckCommand, getCatCommand } from '../../utils/platform-commands';
 import { CLIProxyBackend } from '../types';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 const logger = createLogger('cliproxy:executor:lifecycle-manager');
 /**
 * Wait for TCP port to become available
@@ -62,7 +65,7 @@ export async function waitForProxyReady(
 export function spawnProxy(binaryPath: string, configPath: string, verbose: boolean): ChildProcess {
  const log = (msg: string) => {
    if (verbose) {
-      console.error(`[cliproxy] ${msg}`);
+      logger.info('executor.lifecycle.spawn_verbose', msg);
    }
  };
@@ -81,7 +84,7 @@ export function spawnProxy(binaryPath: string, configPath: string, verbose: bool
  proxy.unref();
  proxy.on('error', (error) => {
-    console.error(fail(`CLIProxy spawn error: ${error.message}`));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail(`CLIProxy spawn error: ${error.message}`)) + '\n');
  });
  return proxy;
@@ -108,20 +111,20 @@ export async function waitForProxyReadyWithSpinner(
    readySpinner.fail(`${backendLabel} startup failed`);
    const err = error as Error;
-    console.error('');
+    process.stderr.write('' + '\n');
-    console.error(fail(`${backendLabel} failed to start`));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail(`${backendLabel} failed to start`)) + '\n');
-    console.error('');
+    process.stderr.write('' + '\n');
-    console.error('Possible causes:');
+    process.stderr.write('Possible causes:' + '\n');
-    console.error(`  1. Port ${port} already in use`);
+    process.stderr.write(`  1. Port ${port} already in use` + '\n');
-    console.error('  2. Binary crashed on startup');
+    process.stderr.write('  2. Binary crashed on startup' + '\n');
-    console.error('  3. Invalid configuration');
+    process.stderr.write('  3. Invalid configuration' + '\n');
-    console.error('');
+    process.stderr.write('' + '\n');
-    console.error('Troubleshooting:');
+    process.stderr.write('Troubleshooting:' + '\n');
-    console.error(`  - Check port: ${getPortCheckCommand(port)}`);
+    process.stderr.write(`  - Check port: ${getPortCheckCommand(port)}` + '\n');
-    console.error('  - Run with --verbose for detailed logs');
+    process.stderr.write('  - Run with --verbose for detailed logs' + '\n');
-    console.error(`  - View config: ${getCatCommand(configPath)}`);
+    process.stderr.write(`  - View config: ${getCatCommand(configPath)}` + '\n');
-    console.error('  - Try: ccs doctor --fix');
+    process.stderr.write('  - Try: ccs doctor --fix' + '\n');
-    console.error('');
+    process.stderr.write('' + '\n');
    throw new Error(`CLIProxy startup failed: ${err.message}`);
  }
@@ -23,6 +23,18 @@ export interface ModelWarningsContext {
  customSettingsPath?: string;
 }
 /**
 * Write a line to stderr preserving prior `console.error` semantics.
 *
 * These lines are primary user-facing model warnings (rendered via the ui
 * `warn()` helper or human-readable guidance the user must act on), so they
 * stay on stderr verbatim rather than being routed through the structured
 * logger.
 */
 function stderr(line: string): void {
  process.stderr.write(String(line) + '\n');
 }
 /**
 * Check all active models for known issues and emit warnings.
 *
@@ -40,17 +52,17 @@ export function warnBrokenModels(context: ModelWarningsContext): void {
      if (tierConfig && isModelBroken(tierConfig.provider, tierConfig.model)) {
        const modelEntry = findModel(tierConfig.provider, tierConfig.model);
        const issueUrl = getModelIssueUrl(tierConfig.provider, tierConfig.model);
-        console.error('');
+        stderr('');
-        console.error(
+        stderr(
          warn(
            `${tier} tier: ${modelEntry?.name || tierConfig.model} has known issues with Claude Code`
          )
        );
-        console.error('    Tool calls will fail. Consider changing the model in config.yaml.');
+        stderr('    Tool calls will fail. Consider changing the model in config.yaml.');
        if (issueUrl) {
-          console.error(`    Tracking: ${issueUrl}`);
+          stderr(`    Tracking: ${issueUrl}`);
        }
-        console.error('');
+        stderr('');
      }
    }
  } else {
@@ -59,22 +71,22 @@ export function warnBrokenModels(context: ModelWarningsContext): void {
      const modelEntry = findModel(provider, currentModel);
      const issueUrl = getModelIssueUrl(provider, currentModel);
      const replacementModel = getSuggestedReplacementModel(provider, currentModel);
-      console.error('');
+      stderr('');
-      console.error(warn(`${modelEntry?.name || currentModel} has known issues with Claude Code`));
+      stderr(warn(`${modelEntry?.name || currentModel} has known issues with Claude Code`));
      if (replacementModel) {
-        console.error(`    Tool calls will fail. Use "${replacementModel}" instead.`);
+        stderr(`    Tool calls will fail. Use "${replacementModel}" instead.`);
      } else {
-        console.error('    Tool calls will fail. Consider changing the model in config.yaml.');
+        stderr('    Tool calls will fail. Consider changing the model in config.yaml.');
      }
      if (issueUrl) {
-        console.error(`    Tracking: ${issueUrl}`);
+        stderr(`    Tracking: ${issueUrl}`);
      }
      if (skipLocalAuth) {
-        console.error('    Note: Model may be overridden by remote proxy configuration.');
+        stderr('    Note: Model may be overridden by remote proxy configuration.');
      } else {
-        console.error(`    Run "ccs ${provider} --config" to change model.`);
+        stderr(`    Run "ccs ${provider} --config" to change model.`);
      }
-      console.error('');
+      stderr('');
    }
  }
 }
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@ import { fail, warn, info } from '../../utils/ui';
 import { CLIProxyProvider } from '../types';
 import { handleBanDetection, warnPossible403Ban } from '../accounts/account-safety';
 import { CompositeTierConfig } from '../../config/unified-config-types';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 const logger = createLogger('cliproxy:executor:retry-handler');
 /**
 * Check if error is network-related
@@ -32,12 +35,12 @@ export function isNetworkError(error: Error): boolean {
 * Handle network error with user-friendly message
 */
 export function handleNetworkError(_error: Error): never {
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write(String('') + '\n');
-  console.error(fail('No network connection detected'));
+  process.stderr.write(String(fail('No network connection detected')) + '\n');
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write(String('') + '\n');
-  console.error('CLIProxy binary download requires internet access.');
+  process.stderr.write(String('CLIProxy binary download requires internet access.') + '\n');
-  console.error('Please check your network connection and try again.');
+  process.stderr.write(String('Please check your network connection and try again.') + '\n');
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write(String('') + '\n');
  process.exit(1);
 }
@@ -63,16 +66,16 @@ export async function handleTokenExpiration(
    }
    // Token expired and refresh failed - trigger re-auth
-    console.error(warn('OAuth token expired and refresh failed'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(warn('OAuth token expired and refresh failed')) + '\n');
    if (tokenResult.error) {
-      console.error(`    ${tokenResult.error}`);
+      process.stderr.write(String(`    ${tokenResult.error}`) + '\n');
    }
-    console.error(`    Run "ccs ${provider} --auth" to re-authenticate`);
+    process.stderr.write(String(`    Run "ccs ${provider} --auth" to re-authenticate`) + '\n');
    process.exit(1);
  }
  if (tokenResult.refreshed && verbose) {
-    console.error('[cliproxy] Token was refreshed proactively');
+    logger.info('token.refreshed', 'Token was refreshed proactively', { provider, verbose });
  }
 }
@@ -86,7 +89,7 @@ export async function handleQuotaCheck(provider: CLIProxyProvider): Promise<void
  const preflight = await preflightCheck(provider);
  if (!preflight.proceed) {
-    console.error(fail(`Cannot start session: ${preflight.reason}`));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Cannot start session: ${preflight.reason}`)) + '\n');
    process.exit(1);
  }
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ import {
 import { withStartupLock } from '../services/startup-lock';
 import { killProcessOnPort } from '../../utils/platform-commands';
 import { stopQuotaMonitor } from '../quota/quota-manager';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 const logger = createLogger('cliproxy:executor:session-bridge');
 export interface ProxySessionResult {
  sessionId?: string;
@@ -43,7 +46,7 @@ export async function checkOrJoinProxy(
 ): Promise<ProxySessionResult> {
  const log = (msg: string) => {
    if (verbose) {
-      console.error(`[cliproxy] ${msg}`);
+      logger.info('proxy.check_or_join.trace', msg);
    }
  };
@@ -129,16 +132,18 @@ export async function checkOrJoinProxy(
      // Truly blocked by another application
      const { getPortCheckCommand } = await import('../../utils/platform-commands');
-      console.error('');
+      process.stderr.write('\n');
-      console.error(
+      process.stderr.write(
        String(
          warn(
            `Port ${port} is blocked by ${proxyStatus.blocker.processName} (PID ${proxyStatus.blocker.pid})`
          )
        ) + '\n'
      );
-      console.error('');
+      process.stderr.write('\n');
-      console.error('To fix this, close the blocking application or run:');
+      process.stderr.write('To fix this, close the blocking application or run:\n');
-      console.error(`  ${getPortCheckCommand(port)}`);
+      process.stderr.write(`  ${getPortCheckCommand(port)}\n`);
-      console.error('');
+      process.stderr.write('\n');
      throw new Error(`Port ${port} is in use by another application`);
    }
@@ -162,9 +167,13 @@ export function registerProxySession(
  const sessionId = registerSession(port, pid, installedVersion, backend);
  if (verbose) {
-    console.error(
+    logger.info('proxy.session.registered', 'Registered session with new proxy', {
-      `[cliproxy] Registered session ${sessionId} with new proxy (PID ${pid}, version ${installedVersion})`
+      sessionId,
-    );
+      port,
      pid,
      version: installedVersion,
      backend,
    });
  }
  return sessionId;
@@ -184,7 +193,7 @@ export function setupCleanupHandlers(
 ): void {
  const log = (msg: string) => {
    if (verbose) {
-      console.error(`[cliproxy] ${msg}`);
+      logger.info('proxy.cleanup.trace', msg);
    }
  };
@@ -228,7 +237,9 @@ export function setupCleanupHandlers(
  });
  claude.on('error', (error) => {
-    console.error(require('../../utils/ui').fail(`Claude CLI error: ${error}`));
+    process.stderr.write(
      String(require('../../utils/ui').fail(`Claude CLI error: ${error}`)) + '\n'
    );
    stopSessionResources();
    process.exit(1);
  });
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ export async function uploadTokenToRemote(
  if (!target.isRemote) {
    if (verbose) {
-      console.error('[upload] Remote mode not enabled, skipping upload');
+      process.stderr.write('[upload] Remote mode not enabled, skipping upload\n');
    }
    return false;
  }
@@ -48,7 +48,9 @@ export async function uploadTokenToRemote(
  try {
    tokenContent = fs.readFileSync(tokenFilePath, 'utf-8');
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(fail(`Failed to read token file: ${(error as Error).message}`));
+    process.stderr.write(
      String(fail(`Failed to read token file: ${(error as Error).message}`)) + '\n'
    );
    return false;
  }
@@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ export async function uploadTokenToRemote(
  try {
    JSON.parse(tokenContent);
  } catch {
-    console.error(fail('Invalid token file: not valid JSON'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail('Invalid token file: not valid JSON')) + '\n');
    return false;
  }
@@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ export async function uploadTokenToRemote(
  const authKey = target.managementKey ?? target.authToken;
  if (verbose) {
-    console.error(`[upload] Uploading ${fileName} to ${target.host}`);
+    process.stderr.write(`[upload] Uploading ${fileName} to ${target.host}\n`);
  }
  const controller = new AbortController();
@@ -95,7 +97,7 @@ export async function uploadTokenToRemote(
    if (!response.ok) {
      const text = await response.text();
-      console.error(fail(`Upload failed: ${response.status} ${text}`));
+      process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Upload failed: ${response.status} ${text}`)) + '\n');
      return false;
    }
@@ -105,16 +107,18 @@ export async function uploadTokenToRemote(
      console.log(ok(`Token uploaded to remote server: ${fileName}`));
      return true;
    } else {
-      console.error(fail(`Upload failed: ${result.error || result.message || 'Unknown error'}`));
+      process.stderr.write(
        String(fail(`Upload failed: ${result.error || result.message || 'Unknown error'}`)) + '\n'
      );
      return false;
    }
  } catch (error) {
    clearTimeout(timeoutId);
    if (error instanceof Error && error.name === 'AbortError') {
-      console.error(fail('Upload timed out'));
+      process.stderr.write(String(fail('Upload timed out')) + '\n');
    } else {
-      console.error(fail(`Upload failed: ${(error as Error).message}`));
+      process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Upload failed: ${(error as Error).message}`)) + '\n');
    }
    return false;
  }
@@ -132,14 +136,14 @@ export async function uploadAllTokensToRemote(tokenDir: string, verbose = false)
  if (!target.isRemote) {
    if (verbose) {
-      console.error('[upload] Remote mode not enabled, skipping upload');
+      process.stderr.write('[upload] Remote mode not enabled, skipping upload\n');
    }
    return 0;
  }
  if (!fs.existsSync(tokenDir)) {
    if (verbose) {
-      console.error(`[upload] Token directory does not exist: ${tokenDir}`);
+      process.stderr.write(`[upload] Token directory does not exist: ${tokenDir}\n`);
    }
    return 0;
  }
@@ -148,7 +152,7 @@ export async function uploadAllTokensToRemote(tokenDir: string, verbose = false)
  if (files.length === 0) {
    if (verbose) {
-      console.error('[upload] No token files found');
+      process.stderr.write('[upload] No token files found\n');
    }
    return 0;
  }
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@
 import * as http from 'http';
 import * as https from 'https';
 import type { Socket } from 'net';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 const logger = createLogger('cliproxy:https-tunnel-proxy');
 export interface HttpsTunnelConfig {
  /** Remote server hostname */
@@ -72,9 +75,13 @@ export class HttpsTunnelProxy {
    };
  }
-  private log(message: string): void {
+  /**
   * Trace-level operational log gated on verbose mode (request routing, lifecycle chatter).
   * Errors/warnings are logged directly via logger.* and are not gated.
   */
  private trace(message: string): void {
    if (this.config.verbose) {
-      console.error(`[https-tunnel] ${message}`);
+      logger.info('tunnel.trace', message);
    }
  }
@@ -104,7 +111,7 @@ export class HttpsTunnelProxy {
          reject(new Error('Failed to bind to any port'));
          return;
        }
-        this.log(
+        this.trace(
          `Started on port ${this.port}, tunneling to https://${this.config.remoteHost}:${this.config.remotePort}`
        );
        resolve(this.port);
@@ -132,7 +139,7 @@ export class HttpsTunnelProxy {
    this.server = null;
    this.port = null;
    this.startingPromise = null;
-    this.log('Stopped');
+    this.trace('Stopped');
  }
  getPort(): number | null {
@@ -182,7 +189,7 @@ export class HttpsTunnelProxy {
    const method = req.method || 'GET';
    const requestPath = req.url || '/';
-    this.log(
+    this.trace(
      `${method} ${requestPath} → https://${this.config.remoteHost}:${this.config.remotePort}${requestPath}`
    );
@@ -190,7 +197,9 @@ export class HttpsTunnelProxy {
      await this.forwardRequest(req, res, requestPath);
    } catch (error) {
      const err = error as Error;
-      this.log(`Error: ${err.message}`);
+      logger.error('tunnel.request_failed', 'Tunnel request handler failed', {
        err: { name: err.name, message: err.message },
      });
      if (!res.headersSent) {
        res.writeHead(502, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
      }
@@ -231,26 +240,30 @@ export class HttpsTunnelProxy {
      upstreamReq.on('timeout', () => {
        const timeoutError = new Error('Upstream request timeout');
-        this.log(`Timeout: ${timeoutError.message}`);
+        logger.warn('tunnel.upstream_timeout', timeoutError.message);
        upstreamReq.destroy();
        reject(timeoutError);
      });
      upstreamReq.on('error', (err) => {
-        this.log(`Upstream error: ${err.message}`);
+        logger.error('tunnel.upstream_error', 'Upstream request error', {
          err: { name: err.name, message: err.message },
        });
        reject(err);
      });
      // Handle client disconnect (premature close)
      originalReq.on('error', (err) => {
-        this.log(`Client request error: ${err.message}`);
+        logger.error('tunnel.client_request_error', 'Client request error', {
          err: { name: err.name, message: err.message },
        });
        upstreamReq.destroy();
        reject(err);
      });
      originalReq.on('close', () => {
        if (!originalReq.complete) {
-          this.log('Client disconnected prematurely');
+          logger.warn('tunnel.client_premature_close', 'Client disconnected prematurely');
          upstreamReq.destroy();
        }
      });
@@ -12,9 +12,6 @@
 import * as http from 'http';
 import * as https from 'https';
 import * as fs from 'fs';
 import * as path from 'path';
 import * as os from 'os';
 import { URL } from 'url';
 import { ToolNameMapper, type Tool, type ContentBlock } from '../ai-providers/tool-name-mapper';
 import { sanitizeToolSchemas } from '../ai-providers/schema-sanitizer';
@@ -28,7 +25,6 @@ import {
 import { getModelMaxLevel } from '../model-catalog';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 import { getCcsDir } from '../../config/config-loader-facade';
 import {
  attachUpstreamResponseTimeout,
  writeForwardResponseHead,
@@ -273,8 +269,6 @@ export class ToolSanitizationProxy {
  private server: http.Server | null = null;
  private port: number | null = null;
  private readonly config: Required<ToolSanitizationProxyConfig>;
  private readonly logFilePath: string;
  private readonly debugMode: boolean;
  private readonly logger = createLogger('cliproxy:tool-sanitization-proxy');
  constructor(config: ToolSanitizationProxyConfig) {
@@ -285,69 +279,6 @@ export class ToolSanitizationProxy {
      timeoutMs: config.timeoutMs ?? 120000,
      allowSelfSigned: config.allowSelfSigned ?? false,
    };
    this.debugMode = process.env.CCS_DEBUG === '1';
    this.logFilePath = this.initLogFile();
  }
  /**
   * Initialize log file path and ensure directory exists.
   */
  private initLogFile(): string {
    const logsDir = path.join(getCcsDir(), 'logs');
    try {
      if (!fs.existsSync(logsDir)) {
        fs.mkdirSync(logsDir, { recursive: true });
      }
    } catch (err) {
      // Fallback to temp directory if logs dir creation fails
      if (this.debugMode) {
        console.error(
          `[tool-sanitization-proxy] Failed to create logs dir: ${(err as Error).message}`
        );
      }
      return path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'tool-sanitization-proxy.log');
    }
    return path.join(logsDir, 'tool-sanitization-proxy.log');
  }
  /**
   * Write log entry to file (always) and console (if CCS_DEBUG=1).
   */
  private writeLog(level: 'info' | 'warn' | 'error', message: string): void {
    const timestamp = new Date().toISOString();
    const prefix = level === 'info' ? '[i]' : level === 'warn' ? '[!]' : '[X]';
    const logLine = `${timestamp} ${prefix} ${message}\n`;
    // Always write to file
    try {
      fs.appendFileSync(this.logFilePath, logLine);
    } catch {
      // Silently ignore file write errors
    }
    // Console output only in debug mode
    if (this.debugMode) {
      console.error(`${prefix} ${message}`);
    }
    this.logger[level](level, message, {
      debugMode: this.debugMode,
      logFilePath: this.logFilePath,
    });
  }
  private log(message: string): void {
    if (this.config.verbose) {
      this.writeLog('info', `[tool-sanitization-proxy] ${message}`);
    }
  }
  private warn(message: string): void {
    if (this.config.warnOnSanitize) {
      this.writeLog('warn', `Tool name sanitized: ${message}`);
    }
  }
  /**
@@ -365,7 +296,10 @@ export class ToolSanitizationProxy {
      this.server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', () => {
        const address = this.server?.address();
        this.port = typeof address === 'object' && address ? address.port : 0;
-        this.writeLog('info', `Tool sanitization proxy active (port ${this.port})`);
+        this.logger.info(
          'tool-sanitization.proxy.active',
          `Tool sanitization proxy active (port ${this.port})`
        );
        resolve(this.port);
      });
@@ -418,7 +352,12 @@ export class ToolSanitizationProxy {
    const fullUpstreamUrl = new URL(requestPath, upstreamBase);
    const providerFromPath = extractProviderFromPathname(fullUpstreamUrl.pathname);
-    this.log(`${method} ${requestPath} → ${fullUpstreamUrl.href}`);
+    if (this.config.verbose) {
      this.logger.info(
        'tool-sanitization.proxy.request',
        `${method} ${requestPath} → ${fullUpstreamUrl.href}`
      );
    }
    // Only buffer+rewrite JSON POST requests
    const contentType = String(req.headers['content-type'] || '');
@@ -458,9 +397,14 @@ export class ToolSanitizationProxy {
        }
        const normalizedModel = normalizeModelIdForRouting(modifiedBody.model, providerFromPath);
        if (normalizedModel !== modifiedBody.model) {
-          this.writeLog(
+          this.logger.warn(
-            'warn',
+            'tool-sanitization.proxy.model-normalized',
-            `[tool-sanitization-proxy] Model normalized for provider routing (${providerFromPath ?? 'root'}): "${modifiedBody.model}" → "${normalizedModel}"`
+            `Model normalized for provider routing (${providerFromPath ?? 'root'}): "${modifiedBody.model}" → "${normalizedModel}"`,
            {
              provider: providerFromPath ?? 'root',
              from: modifiedBody.model,
              to: normalizedModel,
            }
          );
          modifiedBody = { ...modifiedBody, model: normalizedModel };
        }
@@ -480,15 +424,23 @@ export class ToolSanitizationProxy {
        if (schemaResult.totalRemoved > 0) {
          for (const entry of schemaResult.removedByTool) {
-            this.writeLog(
+            this.logger.warn(
-              'warn',
+              'tool-sanitization.proxy.schema-sanitized',
-              `[tool-sanitization-proxy] Schema sanitized for "${entry.name}": removed ${entry.removed.length} Gemini-unsupported properties`
+              `Schema sanitized for "${entry.name}": removed ${entry.removed.length} Gemini-unsupported properties`,
              { tool: entry.name, removedFields: entry.removed }
            );
          }
-          this.log(
+          if (this.config.verbose) {
-            `Sanitized ${schemaResult.totalRemoved} schema properties across ${schemaResult.removedByTool.length} tool(s)`
+            this.logger.info(
              'tool-sanitization.proxy.schema-summary',
              `Sanitized ${schemaResult.totalRemoved} schema properties across ${schemaResult.removedByTool.length} tool(s)`,
              {
                totalRemoved: schemaResult.totalRemoved,
                toolCount: schemaResult.removedByTool.length,
              }
            );
          }
        }
        let rewrittenTools = schemaResult.tools as Tool[];
        const unsupportedToolFields =
@@ -501,15 +453,27 @@ export class ToolSanitizationProxy {
          if (fieldResult.totalRemoved > 0) {
            for (const entry of fieldResult.removedByTool) {
-              this.writeLog(
+              this.logger.warn(
-                'warn',
+                'tool-sanitization.proxy.fields-stripped',
-                `[tool-sanitization-proxy] Tool fields stripped for "${entry.name}" (${providerFromPath ?? 'model-routed'}): ${entry.removed.join(', ')}`
+                `Tool fields stripped for "${entry.name}" (${providerFromPath ?? 'model-routed'}): ${entry.removed.join(', ')}`,
                {
                  tool: entry.name,
                  provider: providerFromPath ?? 'model-routed',
                  removedFields: entry.removed,
                }
              );
            }
-            this.log(
+            if (this.config.verbose) {
-              `Stripped ${fieldResult.totalRemoved} unsupported top-level tool field(s) across ${fieldResult.removedByTool.length} tool(s)`
+              this.logger.info(
                'tool-sanitization.proxy.fields-summary',
                `Stripped ${fieldResult.totalRemoved} unsupported top-level tool field(s) across ${fieldResult.removedByTool.length} tool(s)`,
                {
                  totalRemoved: fieldResult.totalRemoved,
                  toolCount: fieldResult.removedByTool.length,
                }
              );
            }
          }
          rewrittenTools = fieldResult.tools;
        }
@@ -521,19 +485,32 @@ export class ToolSanitizationProxy {
        // Log sanitization warnings
        if (mapper.hasChanges()) {
          const changes = mapper.getChanges();
          if (this.config.warnOnSanitize) {
            for (const change of changes) {
-            this.warn(`"${change.original}" → "${change.sanitized}"`);
+              this.logger.warn(
                'tool-sanitization.proxy.name-sanitized',
                `Tool name sanitized: "${change.original}" → "${change.sanitized}"`,
                { from: change.original, to: change.sanitized }
              );
            }
          }
          if (this.config.verbose) {
            this.logger.info(
              'tool-sanitization.proxy.name-summary',
              `Sanitized ${changes.length} tool name(s)`,
              { count: changes.length }
            );
          }
          this.log(`Sanitized ${changes.length} tool name(s)`);
        }
        // Warn about hash collisions (multiple originals → same sanitized)
        if (mapper.hasCollisions()) {
          const collisions = mapper.getCollisions();
          for (const collision of collisions) {
-            this.writeLog(
+            this.logger.warn(
-              'warn',
+              'tool-sanitization.proxy.hash-collision',
-              `[tool-sanitization-proxy] Hash collision detected: ${collision.originals.join(', ')} → "${collision.sanitized}"`
+              `Hash collision detected: ${collision.originals.join(', ')} → "${collision.sanitized}"`,
              { originals: collision.originals, sanitized: collision.sanitized }
            );
          }
        }
@@ -549,7 +526,11 @@ export class ToolSanitizationProxy {
      }
    } catch (error) {
      const err = error as Error;
-      this.log(`Error: ${err.message}`);
+      if (this.config.verbose) {
        this.logger.error('tool-sanitization.proxy.request-error', `Error: ${err.message}`, {
          error: err.message,
        });
      }
      if (!res.headersSent) {
        res.writeHead(502, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
      }
@@ -845,9 +826,9 @@ export class ToolSanitizationProxy {
              clearUpstreamResponseTimeout();
              try {
                if (!lifecycle.hasContent && isSuccessResponse && lifecycle.hasData) {
-                  this.writeLog(
+                  this.logger.warn(
-                    'warn',
+                    'tool-sanitization.proxy.empty-response',
-                    '[tool-sanitization-proxy] Empty response detected from upstream (no content blocks). Injecting synthetic response to prevent client crash.'
+                    'Empty response detected from upstream (no content blocks). Injecting synthetic response to prevent client crash.'
                  );
                  clientRes.write(
                    this.buildSyntheticErrorResponse(
@@ -903,9 +884,9 @@ export class ToolSanitizationProxy {
              // Safety net: if upstream sent data but no content blocks, inject synthetic response
              if (!lifecycle.hasContent && isSuccessResponse && lifecycle.hasData) {
-                this.writeLog(
+                this.logger.warn(
-                  'warn',
+                  'tool-sanitization.proxy.empty-response',
-                  '[tool-sanitization-proxy] Empty response detected from upstream (no content blocks). Injecting synthetic response to prevent client crash.'
+                  'Empty response detected from upstream (no content blocks). Injecting synthetic response to prevent client crash.'
                );
                clientRes.write(
                  this.buildSyntheticErrorResponse(
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ import {
  buildClaudeQuotaWindows,
  buildClaudeCoreUsageSummary,
 } from './quota-fetcher-claude-normalizer';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 const logger = createLogger('cliproxy:quota:claude');
 export { buildClaudeQuotaWindows, buildClaudeCoreUsageSummary };
@@ -250,7 +253,11 @@ async function runClaudeUsageFetch(
      });
      if (verbose) {
-        console.error(`[i] Claude OAuth usage status: ${response.status} (attempt ${attempt})`);
+        logger.info('quota.fetch.status', `Claude OAuth usage status: ${response.status}`, {
          provider: 'claude',
          status: response.status,
          attempt,
        });
      }
      if (response.status === 401) {
@@ -331,10 +338,17 @@ async function runClaudeUsageFetch(
            : 'Unknown error';
      if (verbose) {
-        const errorDetails =
+        logger.warn(
-          error instanceof Error ? (error.stack ?? error.message) : JSON.stringify(error);
+          'quota.fetch.failed',
-        console.error(
+          `Claude OAuth usage failed (attempt ${attempt}): ${lastError}`,
-          `[!] Claude OAuth usage failed (attempt ${attempt}): ${lastError}${errorDetails ? `\n${errorDetails}` : ''}`
+          {
            provider: 'claude',
            attempt,
            err:
              error instanceof Error
                ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
                : { message: String(error) },
          }
        );
      }
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ import { sanitizeEmail, isTokenExpired } from '../auth/auth-utils';
 import type { CodexQuotaResult, CodexQuotaWindow, CodexCoreUsageSummary } from './quota-types';
 import { sanitizeCodexFeatureLabel } from './quota-label-sanitizer';
 import { extractCanonicalEmailFromAccountId } from '../accounts/email-account-identity';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 const logger = createLogger('cliproxy:quota:codex');
 /** ChatGPT backend API base URL */
 const CODEX_API_BASE = 'https://chatgpt.com/backend-api';
@@ -628,12 +631,17 @@ export async function fetchCodexQuota(
  accountId: string,
  verbose = false
 ): Promise<CodexQuotaResult> {
-  if (verbose) console.error(`[i] Fetching Codex quota for ${accountId}...`);
+  if (verbose)
    logger.info('quota.fetch.start', 'Fetching Codex quota for account', { provider: 'codex' });
  const authData = readCodexAuthData(accountId);
  if (!authData) {
    const error = 'Auth file not found for Codex account';
-    if (verbose) console.error(`[!] Error: ${error}`);
+    if (verbose)
      logger.warn('quota.fetch.auth_missing', error, {
        provider: 'codex',
        errorCode: 'auth_file_missing',
      });
    return buildCodexFailureResult(accountId, {
      error,
      errorCode: 'auth_file_missing',
@@ -644,7 +652,11 @@ export async function fetchCodexQuota(
  if (authData.isExpired) {
    const error = 'Token expired - re-authenticate with ccs cliproxy auth codex';
-    if (verbose) console.error(`[!] Error: ${error}`);
+    if (verbose)
      logger.warn('quota.fetch.token_expired', error, {
        provider: 'codex',
        errorCode: 'token_expired',
      });
    return buildCodexFailureResult(accountId, {
      error,
      errorCode: 'token_expired',
@@ -656,7 +668,11 @@ export async function fetchCodexQuota(
  if (!authData.accountId) {
    const error = 'Missing ChatGPT-Account-Id in auth file';
-    if (verbose) console.error(`[!] Error: ${error}`);
+    if (verbose)
      logger.warn('quota.fetch.missing_account_id', error, {
        provider: 'codex',
        errorCode: 'missing_account_id',
      });
    return buildCodexFailureResult(accountId, {
      error,
      errorCode: 'missing_account_id',
@@ -685,7 +701,12 @@ export async function fetchCodexQuota(
      clearTimeout(timeoutId);
-      if (verbose) console.error(`[i] Codex API status: ${response.status} (attempt ${attempt})`);
+      if (verbose)
        logger.info('quota.fetch.status', `Codex API status: ${response.status}`, {
          provider: 'codex',
          status: response.status,
          attempt,
        });
      if (!response.ok) {
        const bodyText = await response.text();
@@ -696,10 +717,14 @@ export async function fetchCodexQuota(
      const windows = buildCodexQuotaWindows(data);
      const unknownWindowLabels = getUnknownCodexWindowLabels(windows);
      if (unknownWindowLabels.length > 0 && shouldLogCodexWindowWarnings(verbose)) {
-        console.error(
+        logger.warn(
-          `[!] Codex quota detected unknown window labels: ${unknownWindowLabels.join(', ')}`
+          'quota.fetch.unknown_window_labels',
          'Codex quota detected unknown window labels; window classification may need an update for upstream API changes',
          {
            provider: 'codex',
            labels: unknownWindowLabels,
          }
        );
        console.error('    Window classification may need an update for upstream API changes.');
      }
      const coreUsage = buildCodexCoreUsageSummary(windows);
@@ -714,7 +739,11 @@ export async function fetchCodexQuota(
        else if (normalized === 'team') planType = 'team';
      }
-      if (verbose) console.error(`[i] Codex windows found: ${windows.length}`);
+      if (verbose)
        logger.info('quota.fetch.windows', `Codex windows found: ${windows.length}`, {
          provider: 'codex',
          count: windows.length,
        });
      return {
        success: true,
@@ -734,7 +763,19 @@ export async function fetchCodexQuota(
          : 'Unknown error';
      if (verbose) {
-        console.error(`[!] Codex quota error (attempt ${attempt}): ${lastErrorMsg}`);
+        logger.warn(
          'quota.fetch.failed',
          `Codex quota error (attempt ${attempt}): ${lastErrorMsg}`,
          {
            provider: 'codex',
            attempt,
            errorCode: isAbortError ? 'network_timeout' : 'network_error',
            err:
              err instanceof Error
                ? { name: err.name, message: err.message }
                : { message: String(err) },
          }
        );
      }
      // Retry timeout once; other failures return immediately.
@@ -28,6 +28,12 @@ import {
  normalizeProviderTierId,
 } from '../auth/provider-entitlement-evidence';
 import type { ProviderEntitlementEvidence } from '../auth/provider-entitlement-types';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 // Diagnostic-only logger: quota fetch progress, upstream HTTP status, and
 // recovery hints. accountId is attached as provider context; token values
 // are never logged (they live in auth files and are not read into messages).
 const logger = createLogger('cliproxy:quota:gemini-cli');
 /** Google Cloud Code API endpoints */
 const GEMINI_CLI_API_BASE = 'https://cloudcode-pa.googleapis.com';
@@ -620,8 +626,10 @@ async function fetchGeminiCliSupplementary(
    if (response.status !== 200) {
      if (verbose) {
        const source = response.viaManagement ? 'managed' : 'direct';
-        console.error(
+        logger.info(
-          `[i] Gemini CLI supplementary metadata unavailable via ${source}: HTTP ${response.status}`
+          'gemini_cli.supplementary_metadata_unavailable',
          `Gemini CLI supplementary metadata unavailable via ${source}: HTTP ${response.status}`,
          { provider: 'gemini', accountId, httpStatus: response.status, source }
        );
      }
      return { tierLabel: null, tierId: null, creditBalance: null, normalizedTier: 'unknown' };
@@ -637,7 +645,15 @@ async function fetchGeminiCliSupplementary(
  } catch (error) {
    if (verbose) {
      const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error';
-      console.error(`[i] Gemini CLI supplementary metadata skipped: ${message}`);
+      logger.info(
        'gemini_cli.supplementary_metadata_skipped',
        `Gemini CLI supplementary metadata skipped: ${message}`,
        {
          provider: 'gemini',
          accountId,
          err: error instanceof Error ? { name: error.name, message } : { message },
        }
      );
    }
    return { tierLabel: null, tierId: null, creditBalance: null, normalizedTier: 'unknown' };
  }
@@ -954,7 +970,12 @@ async function fetchWithAuthData(
 ): Promise<GeminiCliQuotaResult> {
  if (!authData.projectId) {
    const error = 'Cannot resolve project ID from auth file';
-    if (verbose) console.error(`[!] Error: ${error}`);
+    if (verbose) {
      logger.error('gemini_cli.missing_project_id', `Error: ${error}`, {
        provider: 'gemini',
        accountId,
      });
    }
    return buildGeminiCliFailureResult(accountId, null, {
      error,
      errorCode: 'missing_project_id',
@@ -985,7 +1006,11 @@ async function fetchWithAuthData(
    if (verbose) {
      const source = response.viaManagement ? 'managed' : 'direct';
-      console.error(`[i] Gemini CLI API status via ${source}: ${response.status}`);
+      logger.info(
        'gemini_cli.api_status',
        `Gemini CLI API status via ${source}: ${response.status}`,
        { provider: 'gemini', accountId, httpStatus: response.status, source }
      );
    }
    if (response.status !== 200) {
@@ -1002,7 +1027,13 @@ async function fetchWithAuthData(
    const buckets = buildGeminiCliBuckets(rawBuckets);
    const supplementary = await supplementaryPromise;
-    if (verbose) console.error(`[i] Gemini CLI buckets found: ${buckets.length}`);
+    if (verbose) {
      logger.info('gemini_cli.buckets_found', `Gemini CLI buckets found: ${buckets.length}`, {
        provider: 'gemini',
        accountId,
        bucketCount: buckets.length,
      });
    }
    if (supplementary.normalizedTier !== 'unknown') {
      setAccountTier('gemini', accountId, supplementary.normalizedTier);
@@ -1045,7 +1076,13 @@ async function fetchWithAuthData(
          ? err.message
          : 'Unknown error';
-    if (verbose) console.error(`[!] Gemini CLI quota error: ${errorMsg}`);
+    if (verbose) {
      logger.error('gemini_cli.quota_fetch_error', `Gemini CLI quota error: ${errorMsg}`, {
        provider: 'gemini',
        accountId,
        err: err instanceof Error ? { name: err.name, message: errorMsg } : { message: errorMsg },
      });
    }
    return buildGeminiCliFailureResult(accountId, authData.projectId, {
      error: errorMsg,
@@ -1069,12 +1106,22 @@ export async function fetchGeminiCliQuota(
  accountId: string,
  verbose = false
 ): Promise<GeminiCliQuotaResult> {
-  if (verbose) console.error(`[i] Fetching Gemini CLI quota for ${accountId}...`);
+  if (verbose) {
    logger.info('gemini_cli.fetch_start', `Fetching Gemini CLI quota for ${accountId}...`, {
      provider: 'gemini',
      accountId,
    });
  }
  const authData = readGeminiCliAuthData(accountId);
  if (!authData) {
    const error = 'Auth file not found for Gemini account';
-    if (verbose) console.error(`[!] Error: ${error}`);
+    if (verbose) {
      logger.error('gemini_cli.auth_file_missing', `Error: ${error}`, {
        provider: 'gemini',
        accountId,
      });
    }
    return buildGeminiCliFailureResult(accountId, null, {
      error,
      errorCode: 'auth_file_missing',
@@ -1086,8 +1133,10 @@ export async function fetchGeminiCliQuota(
  if (authData.isExpired && verbose) {
    const expiresAt = getTokenExpiryTimestamp(authData.expiresAt);
    const expiryLabel = expiresAt ? new Date(expiresAt).toISOString() : 'unknown';
-    console.error(
+    logger.info(
-      `[i] Gemini access token is expired (${expiryLabel}); quota requests will defer to managed auth when available.`
+      'gemini_cli.token_expired',
      `Gemini access token is expired (${expiryLabel}); quota requests will defer to managed auth when available.`,
      { provider: 'gemini', accountId, tokenExpired: true, expiresAt: expiryLabel }
    );
  }
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@ import * as fs from 'node:fs';
 import { getAccountTokenPath, getProviderAccounts } from '../accounts/account-manager';
 import type { GhcpQuotaResult, GhcpQuotaSnapshot } from './quota-types';
 import { clampPercent } from '../../utils/percentage';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 // Diagnostic-only logger: token load failures, fetch progress, and upstream
 // error reasons. accountId is attached as provider context; token values are
 // never logged (the error string from readGhcpAccessToken is generic and
 // contains no token material).
 const logger = createLogger('cliproxy:quota:ghcp');
 const GHCP_USAGE_URL = 'https://api.github.com/copilot_internal/user';
 const GHCP_USAGE_TIMEOUT_MS = 10000;
@@ -174,11 +181,22 @@ export async function fetchGhcpQuota(accountId: string, verbose = false): Promis
  const { accessToken, error } = readGhcpAccessToken(accountId);
  if (!accessToken) {
    // Safe diagnostic: accountId + generic error only (never log token values/file contents).
-    if (verbose) console.error(`[!] ghcp quota token error (${accountId}): ${error}`);
+    if (verbose) {
      logger.error('ghcp.token_load_error', `ghcp quota token error (${accountId}): ${error}`, {
        provider: 'ghcp',
        accountId,
        reason: error ?? 'unknown',
      });
    }
    return buildEmptyQuotaResult(error || 'Failed to load auth token', accountId);
  }
-  if (verbose) console.error(`[i] Fetching ghcp quota for ${accountId}...`);
+  if (verbose) {
    logger.info('ghcp.fetch_start', `Fetching ghcp quota for ${accountId}...`, {
      provider: 'ghcp',
      accountId,
    });
  }
  const controller = new AbortController();
  const timeoutId = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), GHCP_USAGE_TIMEOUT_MS);
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ import {
  buildProxyUrl,
  getProxyTarget,
 } from '../proxy/proxy-target-resolver';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 const logger = createLogger('cliproxy:quota:fetcher');
 /** Individual model quota info */
 export interface ModelQuota {
@@ -829,12 +832,13 @@ export async function fetchAccountQuota(
  accountId: string,
  verbose = false
 ): Promise<QuotaResult> {
-  if (verbose) console.error(`[i] Fetching quota for ${accountId}...`);
+  if (verbose)
    logger.info('quota.fetch.start', 'Fetching quota for account', { provider, accountId });
  // Only Antigravity supports quota fetching
  if (provider !== 'agy') {
    const error = `Quota not supported for provider: ${provider}`;
-    if (verbose) console.error(`[!] Error: ${error}`);
+    if (verbose) logger.warn('quota.fetch.unsupported_provider', error, { provider });
    // Stable machine code so callers branch on a code, not the human string.
    // This is "no quota API for this provider", which is healthy — distinct
    // from a transient fetch failure or an expired token.
@@ -851,7 +855,7 @@ export async function fetchAccountQuota(
  const authData = readAuthData(provider, accountId);
  if (!authData) {
    const error = 'Auth file not found for account';
-    if (verbose) console.error(`[!] Error: ${error}`);
+    if (verbose) logger.warn('quota.fetch.auth_missing', error, { provider, accountId });
    return {
      success: false,
      models: [],
@@ -869,7 +873,10 @@ export async function fetchAccountQuota(
      : authData.expiresAt
        ? `expires ${authData.expiresAt}`
        : 'expiry unknown';
-    console.error(`[i] Auth token state: ${expiryState}`);
+    logger.info('quota.fetch.auth_state', `Auth token state: ${expiryState}`, {
      provider,
      state: expiryState,
    });
  }
  // Get project ID and tier - prefer stored project ID, but always call API for tier
@@ -884,7 +891,12 @@ export async function fetchAccountQuota(
  if (!lastProjectResult.projectId && !projectId) {
    const error = lastProjectResult.error || 'Failed to retrieve project ID';
-    if (verbose) console.error(`[!] Error: ${error}`);
+    if (verbose)
      logger.warn('quota.fetch.project_lookup_failed', error, {
        provider,
        errorCode: lastProjectResult.errorCode,
        httpStatus: lastProjectResult.httpStatus,
      });
    return {
      success: false,
      models: [],
@@ -909,12 +921,19 @@ export async function fetchAccountQuota(
  rawTierId = lastProjectResult.rawTierId || null;
  rawTierLabel = lastProjectResult.rawTierLabel || null;
-  if (verbose) console.error(`[i] Project ID: ${projectId || 'not found'}`);
+  if (verbose)
    logger.info('quota.fetch.project_resolved', `Project ID: ${projectId || 'not found'}`, {
      provider,
    });
  // Fetch models with quota
  const result = await fetchAvailableModels(accountId, accessToken, projectId as string);
-  if (verbose) console.error(`[i] Models found: ${result.models.length}`);
+  if (verbose)
    logger.info('quota.fetch.models', `Models found: ${result.models.length}`, {
      provider,
      count: result.models.length,
    });
  result.accountId = accountId;
  result.projectId = projectId || undefined;
@@ -12,6 +12,12 @@ import { loadOrCreateUnifiedConfig, mutateConfig } from '../../config/config-loa
 import { getInstalledCliproxyVersion } from '../binary-manager';
 import { compareVersions } from '../../utils/update-checker';
 import { getConfigYamlPath } from '../../config/loader/io-locks';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 // Diagnostic-only logger for internal binary-compatibility notices. The
 // user-facing result of enablePoolRouting is returned via the result
 // message; this logger captures the version-compat caveat for diagnostics.
 const logger = createLogger('cliproxy:routing:strategy');
 export const DEFAULT_CLIPROXY_ROUTING_STRATEGY: CliproxyRoutingStrategy = 'round-robin';
 export const DEFAULT_CLIPROXY_SESSION_AFFINITY_ENABLED = false;
@@ -205,10 +211,15 @@ export function enablePoolRouting(
  try {
    const installedVersion = getInstalledCliproxyVersion();
    if (compareVersions(installedVersion, POOL_ROUTING_MIN_VERSION) < 0) {
-      console.warn(
+      logger.warn(
-        `[!] CLIProxy v${installedVersion} is older than the pool routing minimum (v${POOL_ROUTING_MIN_VERSION}).\n` +
+        'pool_routing.binary_below_minimum',
-          `    The max-retry-credentials and cooling keys may be silently ignored by the running binary.\n` +
+        `CLIProxy v${installedVersion} is older than the pool routing minimum (v${POOL_ROUTING_MIN_VERSION}). ` +
-          `    Run 'ccs cliproxy --latest' to update CLIProxy, then restart with 'ccs cliproxy restart'.`
+          `The max-retry-credentials and cooling keys may be silently ignored by the running binary. ` +
          `Run 'ccs cliproxy --latest' to update CLIProxy, then restart with 'ccs cliproxy restart'.`,
        {
          installedVersion,
          minimumVersion: POOL_ROUTING_MIN_VERSION,
        }
      );
    }
  } catch {
@@ -207,20 +207,20 @@ export async function executeCopilotProfile(
  try {
    await ensureCopilotApi();
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(fail('Failed to install copilot-api.'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail('Failed to install copilot-api.')) + '\n');
-    console.error('');
+    process.stderr.write('\n');
-    console.error(`Error: ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    process.stderr.write(String(`Error: ${(error as Error).message}`) + '\n');
-    console.error('');
+    process.stderr.write('\n');
-    console.error('Try installing manually:');
+    process.stderr.write('Try installing manually:\n');
-    console.error('  npm install -g copilot-api');
+    process.stderr.write('  npm install -g copilot-api\n');
    return 1;
  }
  // Check if copilot-api is installed (should be after ensureCopilotApi)
  if (!isCopilotApiInstalled()) {
-    console.error(fail('copilot-api is not installed.'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail('copilot-api is not installed.')) + '\n');
-    console.error('');
+    process.stderr.write('\n');
-    console.error('Install/repair by running: ccs copilot start');
+    process.stderr.write('Install/repair by running: ccs copilot start\n');
    return 1;
  }
@@ -231,10 +231,10 @@ export async function executeCopilotProfile(
    authenticated: authStatus.authenticated,
  });
  if (!authStatus.authenticated) {
-    console.error(fail('Not authenticated with GitHub.'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail('Not authenticated with GitHub.')) + '\n');
-    console.error('');
+    process.stderr.write('\n');
-    console.error('Run: npx copilot-api auth');
+    process.stderr.write('Run: npx copilot-api auth\n');
-    console.error('Or:  ccs copilot auth');
+    process.stderr.write('Or:  ccs copilot auth\n');
    return 1;
  }
@@ -246,21 +246,21 @@ export async function executeCopilotProfile(
      console.log(info('Starting copilot-api daemon...'));
      const result = await startDaemon(normalizedConfig);
      if (!result.success) {
-        console.error(fail(`Failed to start daemon: ${result.error}`));
+        process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Failed to start daemon: ${result.error}`)) + '\n');
        return 1;
      }
      console.log(ok(`Daemon started on port ${normalizedConfig.port}`));
      daemonRunning = true;
    } else {
-      console.error(fail('copilot-api daemon is not running.'));
+      process.stderr.write(String(fail('copilot-api daemon is not running.')) + '\n');
-      console.error('');
+      process.stderr.write('\n');
-      console.error('Start the daemon:');
+      process.stderr.write('Start the daemon:\n');
-      console.error('  ccs copilot start');
+      process.stderr.write('  ccs copilot start\n');
-      console.error('Fallback manual command:');
+      process.stderr.write('Fallback manual command:\n');
-      console.error(`  npx copilot-api start --port ${normalizedConfig.port}`);
+      process.stderr.write(`  npx copilot-api start --port ${normalizedConfig.port}\n`);
-      console.error('');
+      process.stderr.write('\n');
-      console.error('Or enable auto_start in config:');
+      process.stderr.write('Or enable auto_start in config:\n');
-      console.error('  ccs config  (then enable auto_start in Copilot section)');
+      process.stderr.write('  ccs config  (then enable auto_start in Copilot section)\n');
      return 1;
    }
  }
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ export async function executeCopilotProfile(
          error: { name: err.name, message: err.message },
        }
      );
-      console.error(fail(`Failed to start Claude: ${err.message}`));
+      process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Failed to start Claude: ${err.message}`)) + '\n');
      resolve(1);
    });
  });
@@ -113,23 +113,23 @@ export async function executeCursorProfile(
  claudeCliPath = 'claude'
 ): Promise<number> {
  if (!config.enabled) {
-    console.error(fail('Cursor integration is not enabled.'));
+    process.stderr.write(fail('Cursor integration is not enabled.') + '\n');
-    console.error('');
+    process.stderr.write('\n');
-    console.error('Enable it first: ccs legacy cursor enable');
+    process.stderr.write('Enable it first: ccs legacy cursor enable\n');
    return 1;
  }
  const authStatus = checkAuthStatus();
  if (!authStatus.authenticated) {
-    console.error(fail('Cursor credentials not found.'));
+    process.stderr.write(fail('Cursor credentials not found.') + '\n');
-    console.error('');
+    process.stderr.write('\n');
-    console.error('Authenticate first: ccs legacy cursor auth');
+    process.stderr.write('Authenticate first: ccs legacy cursor auth\n');
    return 1;
  }
  if (authStatus.expired) {
-    console.error(fail('Cursor credentials have expired.'));
+    process.stderr.write(fail('Cursor credentials have expired.') + '\n');
-    console.error('');
+    process.stderr.write('\n');
-    console.error('Refresh them with: ccs legacy cursor auth');
+    process.stderr.write('Refresh them with: ccs legacy cursor auth\n');
    return 1;
  }
@@ -145,17 +145,17 @@ export async function executeCursorProfile(
        daemon_token: daemonToken,
      });
      if (!result.success) {
-        console.error(fail(`Failed to start cursor daemon: ${result.error}`));
+        process.stderr.write(fail(`Failed to start cursor daemon: ${result.error}`) + '\n');
        return 1;
      }
      console.log(ok(`Daemon started on port ${config.port}`));
      daemonRunning = true;
    } else {
-      console.error(fail('Cursor daemon is not running.'));
+      process.stderr.write(fail('Cursor daemon is not running.') + '\n');
-      console.error('');
+      process.stderr.write('\n');
-      console.error('Start the daemon:');
+      process.stderr.write('Start the daemon:\n');
-      console.error('  ccs legacy cursor start');
+      process.stderr.write('  ccs legacy cursor start\n');
-      console.error('Or enable auto_start in the Cursor config section.');
+      process.stderr.write('Or enable auto_start in the Cursor config section.\n');
      return 1;
    }
  }
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ export async function executeCursorProfile(
    });
    proc.on('error', (err) => {
-      console.error(fail(`Failed to start Claude: ${err.message}`));
+      process.stderr.write(fail(`Failed to start Claude: ${err.message}`) + '\n');
      resolve(1);
    });
  });
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ import { DelegationValidator } from '../utils/delegation-validator';
 import { SettingsParser } from './settings-parser';
 import { fail, warn } from '../utils/ui';
 import { getCcsDir } from '../config/config-loader-facade';
 import { createLogger } from '../services/logging';
 const logger = createLogger('delegation:handler');
 const PROFILE_FLAGS_WITH_VALUE = new Set(['-p', '--prompt', '--effort']);
 const PROMPT_FLAGS_WITH_VALUE = new Set(['-p', '--prompt']);
@@ -85,13 +88,13 @@ function parseStringFlag(
  // Reject dash-prefixed values (likely another flag)
  if (!options?.allowDashPrefix && value.startsWith('-')) {
-    console.error(warn(`${flagName} value "${value}" looks like a flag. Ignoring.`));
+    process.stderr.write(warn(`${flagName} value "${value}" looks like a flag. Ignoring.`) + '\n');
    return undefined;
  }
  // Reject empty/whitespace-only
  if (!value.trim()) {
-    console.error(warn(`${flagName} value is empty. Ignoring.`));
+    process.stderr.write(warn(`${flagName} value is empty. Ignoring.`) + '\n');
    return undefined;
  }
@@ -149,9 +152,14 @@ export class DelegationHandler {
      // 6. Exit with proper code
      process.exit(result.exitCode || 0);
    } catch (error) {
-      console.error(fail(`Delegation error: ${(error as Error).message}`));
+      process.stderr.write(fail(`Delegation error: ${(error as Error).message}`) + '\n');
      if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-        console.error((error as Error).stack);
+        logger.error('delegation.route.failure', 'Delegation route failed', {
          err:
            error instanceof Error
              ? { name: error.name, message: error.message, stack: error.stack }
              : { message: String(error) },
        });
      }
      process.exit(1);
    }
@@ -169,8 +177,10 @@ export class DelegationHandler {
    const lastSession = sessionMgr.getLastSession(baseProfile);
    if (!lastSession) {
-      console.error(fail(`No previous session found for ${baseProfile}`));
+      process.stderr.write(fail(`No previous session found for ${baseProfile}`) + '\n');
-      console.error(`    Start a new session first with: ccs ${baseProfile} -p "task"`);
+      process.stderr.write(
        `    Start a new session first with: ccs ${baseProfile} -p "task"` + '\n'
      );
      process.exit(1);
    }
@@ -256,8 +266,8 @@ export class DelegationHandler {
    }
    if (index === -1 || index === args.length - 1) {
-      console.error(fail('Missing prompt after -p flag'));
+      process.stderr.write(fail('Missing prompt after -p flag') + '\n');
-      console.error('    Usage: ccs glm -p "task description"');
+      process.stderr.write('    Usage: ccs glm -p "task description"' + '\n');
      process.exit(1);
    }
@@ -301,11 +311,13 @@ export class DelegationHandler {
      if (!isNaN(val) && val > 0 && val <= 600000) {
        options.timeout = val;
      } else if (isNaN(val)) {
-        console.error(warn(`--timeout "${rawVal}" is not a number. Using default.`));
+        process.stderr.write(warn(`--timeout "${rawVal}" is not a number. Using default.`) + '\n');
      } else if (val <= 0) {
-        console.error(warn(`--timeout ${val} must be positive. Using default.`));
+        process.stderr.write(warn(`--timeout ${val} must be positive. Using default.`) + '\n');
      } else if (val > 600000) {
-        console.error(warn(`--timeout ${val} exceeds max (600000ms). Using default.`));
+        process.stderr.write(
          warn(`--timeout ${val} exceeds max (600000ms). Using default.`) + '\n'
        );
      }
    }
@@ -322,11 +334,11 @@ export class DelegationHandler {
      if (!isNaN(val) && val > 0 && val <= 100) {
        options.maxTurns = val;
      } else if (isNaN(val)) {
-        console.error(warn(`--max-turns "${rawVal}" is not a number. Ignoring.`));
+        process.stderr.write(warn(`--max-turns "${rawVal}" is not a number. Ignoring.`) + '\n');
      } else if (val <= 0) {
-        console.error(warn(`--max-turns ${val} must be positive. Ignoring.`));
+        process.stderr.write(warn(`--max-turns ${val} must be positive. Ignoring.`) + '\n');
      } else if (val > 100) {
-        console.error(warn(`--max-turns ${val} exceeds max (100). Using 100.`));
+        process.stderr.write(warn(`--max-turns ${val} exceeds max (100). Using 100.`) + '\n');
        options.maxTurns = 100;
      }
    }
@@ -342,7 +354,7 @@ export class DelegationHandler {
        JSON.parse(agentsValue);
        options.agents = agentsValue;
      } catch {
-        console.error(warn('--agents must be valid JSON. Ignoring.'));
+        process.stderr.write(warn('--agents must be valid JSON. Ignoring.') + '\n');
      }
    }
@@ -400,20 +412,20 @@ export class DelegationHandler {
   */
  _validateProfile(profile: string): void {
    if (!profile) {
-      console.error(fail('No profile specified'));
+      process.stderr.write(fail('No profile specified') + '\n');
-      console.error('    Usage: ccs <profile> -p "task"');
+      process.stderr.write('    Usage: ccs <profile> -p "task"' + '\n');
-      console.error('    Examples: ccs glm -p "task", ccs km -p "task"');
+      process.stderr.write('    Examples: ccs glm -p "task", ccs km -p "task"' + '\n');
      process.exit(1);
    }
    // Use DelegationValidator to check profile
    const validation = DelegationValidator.validate(profile);
    if (!validation.valid) {
-      console.error(fail(`Profile '${profile}' is not configured for delegation`));
+      process.stderr.write(fail(`Profile '${profile}' is not configured for delegation`) + '\n');
-      console.error(`    ${validation.error}`);
+      process.stderr.write(`    ${validation.error}` + '\n');
-      console.error('');
+      process.stderr.write('' + '\n');
-      console.error('    Run: ccs doctor');
+      process.stderr.write('    Run: ccs doctor' + '\n');
-      console.error(`    Or configure: ${getCcsDir()}/${profile}.settings.json`);
+      process.stderr.write(`    Or configure: ${getCcsDir()}/${profile}.settings.json` + '\n');
      process.exit(1);
    }
  }
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 import { spawn } from 'child_process';
 import * as path from 'path';
 import { killWithEscalation } from '../utils/process-utils';
-import { forwardRequestIdEnv } from '../services/logging';
+import { createLogger, forwardRequestIdEnv } from '../services/logging';
 import * as fs from 'fs';
 import { SessionManager } from './session-manager';
 import { SettingsParser } from './settings-parser';
@@ -64,6 +64,8 @@ import { getCcsDir, getGlobalEnvConfig, loadSettings } from '../config/config-lo
 // Re-export types for consumers
 export type { ExecutionOptions, ExecutionResult, StreamMessage } from './executor/types';
 const logger = createLogger('delegation:headless-executor');
 /**
 * Headless executor for Claude CLI delegation
 */
@@ -129,10 +131,12 @@ export class HeadlessExecutor {
    });
    const inheritedClaudeConfigDir = continuityInheritance.claudeConfigDir;
    if (continuityInheritance.sourceAccount && process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-      console.error(
+      process.stderr.write(
        String(
          info(
            `Continuity inheritance active: profile "${profile}" -> account "${continuityInheritance.sourceAccount}"`
          )
        ) + '\n'
      );
    }
@@ -198,10 +202,12 @@ export class HeadlessExecutor {
      imageAnalysisProvider &&
      imageAnalysisStatus.effectiveRuntimeMode === 'native-read'
    ) {
-      console.error(
+      process.stderr.write(
        String(
          info(
            `${imageAnalysisStatus.effectiveRuntimeReason || `Image analysis via ${imageAnalysisProvider} is unavailable.`} This delegation will use native Read.`
          )
        ) + '\n'
      );
      imageAnalysisEnv = {
        ...imageAnalysisEnv,
@@ -215,10 +221,12 @@ export class HeadlessExecutor {
    ) {
      const ensureServiceResult = await ensureCliproxyService(resolveLifecyclePort(), false);
      if (!ensureServiceResult.started) {
-        console.error(
+        process.stderr.write(
          String(
            warn(
              `Image analysis via ${imageAnalysisProvider} is unavailable because CCS could not start the local CLIProxy service. This delegation will use native Read.`
            )
          ) + '\n'
        );
        imageAnalysisEnv = {
          ...imageAnalysisEnv,
@@ -273,7 +281,9 @@ export class HeadlessExecutor {
      if (permissionMode === 'bypassPermissions') {
        args.push('--dangerously-skip-permissions');
        if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-          console.warn(warn('WARNING: Using --dangerously-skip-permissions mode'));
+          process.stderr.write(
            String(warn('WARNING: Using --dangerously-skip-permissions mode')) + '\n'
          );
        }
      } else {
        args.push('--permission-mode', permissionMode);
@@ -287,12 +297,16 @@ export class HeadlessExecutor {
        args.push('--resume', lastSession.sessionId);
        if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
          const cost = lastSession.totalCost?.toFixed(4) || '0.0000';
-          console.error(info(`Resuming session: ${lastSession.sessionId} ($${cost})`));
+          process.stderr.write(
            String(info(`Resuming session: ${lastSession.sessionId} ($${cost})`)) + '\n'
          );
        }
      } else if (sessionId) {
        args.push('--resume', sessionId);
      } else {
-        console.warn(warn('No previous session found, starting new session'));
+        process.stderr.write(
          String(warn('No previous session found, starting new session')) + '\n'
        );
      }
    } else if (sessionId) {
      args.push('--resume', sessionId);
@@ -357,7 +371,7 @@ export class HeadlessExecutor {
    });
    if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-      console.error(info(`Claude CLI args: ${launchArgs.join(' ')}`));
+      logger.info('claude_cli_args', 'Claude CLI args', { args: launchArgs });
    }
    // Initialize UI before spawning
@@ -420,7 +434,7 @@ export class HeadlessExecutor {
      if (showProgress) {
        const modelName = getModelDisplayName(profile);
-        console.error(ui.info(`Delegating to ${modelName}...`));
+        process.stderr.write(String(ui.info(`Delegating to ${modelName}...`)) + '\n');
      }
      // Strip Claude Code nested session guard env var to allow CCS delegation
@@ -525,12 +539,14 @@ export class HeadlessExecutor {
        if (showProgress) {
          const durationSec = (duration / 1000).toFixed(1);
-          console.error(
+          process.stderr.write(
            String(
              timedOut
                ? ui.warn(`Timed out after ${durationSec}s`)
                : ui.info(`Completed in ${durationSec}s`)
            ) + '\n'
          );
-          console.error('');
+          process.stderr.write('\n');
        }
        const result = buildExecutionResult({
@@ -664,7 +680,7 @@ export class HeadlessExecutor {
        const result = await this.execute(profile, enhancedPrompt, execOptions);
        if (result.success) return result;
        if (attempt < maxRetries) {
-          console.error(warn(`Attempt ${attempt + 1} failed, retrying...`));
+          process.stderr.write(String(warn(`Attempt ${attempt + 1} failed, retrying...`)) + '\n');
          await this._sleep(1000 * (attempt + 1));
          continue;
        }
@@ -672,7 +688,7 @@ export class HeadlessExecutor {
      } catch (error) {
        lastError = error as Error;
        if (attempt < maxRetries) {
-          console.error(warn(`Attempt ${attempt + 1} errored, retrying...`));
+          process.stderr.write(String(warn(`Attempt ${attempt + 1} errored, retrying...`)) + '\n');
          await this._sleep(1000 * (attempt + 1));
        }
      }
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 * CLI argument parsing and normalization utilities.
 *
 * Extracted from src/ccs.ts (lines 129-244, 246-296, 371-392).
- * Pure functions — no side effects except console.error and process.exit.
+ * Pure functions — no side effects except process.stderr.write and process.exit.
 *
 * Also contains bootstrapAndParseEarlyCli() — the Phase A bootstrap extracted
 * from main() (lines 128-232 of the original). Handles: adapter registration,
@@ -74,19 +74,21 @@ export async function bootstrapAndParseEarlyCli(rawArgs: string[]): Promise<Disp
    }
    if (!configDirValue || configDirValue.startsWith('-')) {
-      console.error(fail('--config-dir requires a path argument'));
+      process.stderr.write(String(fail('--config-dir requires a path argument')) + '\n');
      process.exit(1);
    }
    try {
      const stat = fs.statSync(configDirValue);
      if (!stat.isDirectory()) {
-        console.error(fail(`Not a directory: ${configDirValue}`));
+        process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Not a directory: ${configDirValue}`)) + '\n');
        process.exit(1);
      }
    } catch {
-      console.error(fail(`Config directory not found: ${configDirValue}`));
+      process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Config directory not found: ${configDirValue}`)) + '\n');
-      console.error(info('Create the directory first, then copy your config files into it.'));
+      process.stderr.write(
        String(info('Create the directory first, then copy your config files into it.')) + '\n'
      );
      process.exit(1);
    }
@@ -95,9 +97,9 @@ export async function bootstrapAndParseEarlyCli(rawArgs: string[]): Promise<Disp
    // Security warning: cloud sync paths expose OAuth tokens
    const cloudService = detectCloudSyncPath(configDirValue);
    if (!isCompletionCommand && cloudService) {
-      console.error(warn(`CCS directory is under ${cloudService}.`));
+      process.stderr.write(String(warn(`CCS directory is under ${cloudService}.`)) + '\n');
-      console.error('    OAuth tokens in cliproxy/auth/ will be synced to cloud.');
+      process.stderr.write('    OAuth tokens in cliproxy/auth/ will be synced to cloud.\n');
-      console.error('    Consider: CCS_DIR=/path/outside/cloud ccs ...');
+      process.stderr.write('    Consider: CCS_DIR=/path/outside/cloud ccs ...\n');
    }
    // Remove consumed args so they don't leak to Claude CLI
@@ -108,17 +110,17 @@ export async function bootstrapAndParseEarlyCli(rawArgs: string[]): Promise<Disp
    // Also warn for CCS_DIR env var pointing to cloud sync
    const cloudService = detectCloudSyncPath(process.env.CCS_DIR);
    if (!isCompletionCommand && cloudService) {
-      console.error(warn(`CCS directory is under ${cloudService}.`));
+      process.stderr.write(String(warn(`CCS directory is under ${cloudService}.`)) + '\n');
-      console.error('    OAuth tokens in cliproxy/auth/ will be synced to cloud.');
+      process.stderr.write('    OAuth tokens in cliproxy/auth/ will be synced to cloud.\n');
-      console.error('    Consider: CCS_DIR=/path/outside/cloud ccs ...');
+      process.stderr.write('    Consider: CCS_DIR=/path/outside/cloud ccs ...\n');
    }
  } else if (process.env.CCS_HOME) {
    // Also warn for CCS_HOME env var pointing to cloud sync
    const cloudService = detectCloudSyncPath(process.env.CCS_HOME);
    if (!isCompletionCommand && cloudService) {
-      console.error(warn(`CCS directory is under ${cloudService}.`));
+      process.stderr.write(String(warn(`CCS directory is under ${cloudService}.`)) + '\n');
-      console.error('    OAuth tokens in cliproxy/auth/ will be synced to cloud.');
+      process.stderr.write('    OAuth tokens in cliproxy/auth/ will be synced to cloud.\n');
-      console.error('    Consider: CCS_DIR=/path/outside/cloud ccs ...');
+      process.stderr.write('    Consider: CCS_DIR=/path/outside/cloud ccs ...\n');
    }
  }
@@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ export async function bootstrapAndParseEarlyCli(rawArgs: string[]): Promise<Disp
    browserLaunchOverride = browserLaunchFlags.override;
    args = browserLaunchFlags.argsWithoutFlags;
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(fail((error as Error).message));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail((error as Error).message)) + '\n');
    process.exit(1);
    // process.exit never returns but TypeScript needs the unreachable return
    return { args, isCompletionCommand, browserLaunchOverride: undefined, exitNow: true };
@@ -228,15 +230,18 @@ export function normalizeLegacyCursorArgs(args: string[]): string[] {
 }
 export function printCursorLegacySubcommandDeprecation(subcommand: string): void {
-  console.error(
+  process.stderr.write(
-    warn(`\`ccs cursor ${subcommand}\` is deprecated for the legacy Cursor IDE bridge.`)
+    String(warn(`\`ccs cursor ${subcommand}\` is deprecated for the legacy Cursor IDE bridge.`)) +
      '\n'
  );
-  console.error(
+  process.stderr.write(
    String(
      warn(
        `Use \`ccs legacy cursor ${subcommand}\` for the old bridge, or \`ccs cursor --auth|--accounts|--config\` for the CLIProxy provider.`
      )
    ) + '\n'
  );
-  console.error('');
+  process.stderr.write('\n');
 }
 // ========== Runtime Reasoning Flags ==========
@@ -248,10 +253,12 @@ export function resolveRuntimeReasoningFlags(
  const runtime = resolveDroidReasoningRuntime(args, envThinkingValue);
  if (runtime.duplicateDisplays.length > 0) {
-    console.error(
+    process.stderr.write(
      String(
        warn(
          `[!] Multiple reasoning flags detected. Using first occurrence: ${runtime.sourceDisplay || '<first-flag>'}`
        )
      ) + '\n'
    );
  }
@@ -280,11 +287,11 @@ export function exitWithRuntimeReasoningFlagError(
    includeDroidExecExample?: boolean;
  }
 ): never {
-  console.error(fail(message));
+  process.stderr.write(String(fail(message)) + '\n');
-  console.error('    Examples: --thinking low, --thinking 8192, --thinking off');
+  process.stderr.write('    Examples: --thinking low, --thinking 8192, --thinking off\n');
-  console.error(`    Codex alias: --effort ${options.codexAliasLevels}`);
+  process.stderr.write(`    Codex alias: --effort ${options.codexAliasLevels}\n`);
  if (options.includeDroidExecExample) {
-    console.error('    Droid exec: --reasoning-effort high');
+    process.stderr.write('    Droid exec: --reasoning-effort high\n');
  }
  process.exit(1);
 }
@@ -67,12 +67,14 @@ export async function runCliproxyFlow(ctx: ProfileDispatchContext): Promise<void
  if (resolvedTarget !== 'claude') {
    const adapter = targetAdapter;
    if (!adapter) {
-      console.error(fail(`Target adapter not found for "${resolvedTarget}"`));
+      process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Target adapter not found for "${resolvedTarget}"`)) + '\n');
      process.exitCode = 1;
      return;
    }
    if (!adapter.supportsProfileType('cliproxy')) {
-      console.error(fail(`${adapter.displayName} does not support CLIProxy profiles`));
+      process.stderr.write(
        String(fail(`${adapter.displayName} does not support CLIProxy profiles`)) + '\n'
      );
      process.exitCode = 1;
      return;
    }
@@ -112,12 +114,16 @@ export async function runCliproxyFlow(ctx: ProfileDispatchContext): Promise<void
        targetRemainingArgs.some((arg) => arg.startsWith(`${flag}=`))
    );
    if (providedUnsupportedFlag) {
-      console.error(
+      process.stderr.write(
        String(
          fail(
            `${providedUnsupportedFlag} is only supported when running CLIProxy profiles on Claude target`
          )
        ) + '\n'
      );
      process.stderr.write(
        String(info(`Run with Claude target: ccs ${profileInfo.name} --target claude ...`)) + '\n'
      );
      console.error(info(`Run with Claude target: ccs ${profileInfo.name} --target claude ...`));
      process.exitCode = 1;
      return;
    }
@@ -129,14 +135,20 @@ export async function runCliproxyFlow(ctx: ProfileDispatchContext): Promise<void
      ] as CLIProxyProvider[];
      const missingProvider = compositeProviders.find((p) => !isAuthenticated(p));
      if (missingProvider) {
-        console.error(fail(`Missing OAuth auth for composite tier provider: ${missingProvider}`));
+        process.stderr.write(
-        console.error(info(`Authenticate first: ccs ${missingProvider} --auth`));
+          String(fail(`Missing OAuth auth for composite tier provider: ${missingProvider}`)) + '\n'
        );
        process.stderr.write(
          String(info(`Authenticate first: ccs ${missingProvider} --auth`)) + '\n'
        );
        process.exitCode = 1;
        return;
      }
    } else if (!isAuthenticated(provider)) {
-      console.error(fail(`No OAuth authentication found for provider: ${provider}`));
+      process.stderr.write(
-      console.error(info(`Authenticate first: ccs ${provider} --auth`));
+        String(fail(`No OAuth authentication found for provider: ${provider}`)) + '\n'
      );
      process.stderr.write(String(info(`Authenticate first: ccs ${provider} --auth`)) + '\n');
      process.exitCode = 1;
      return;
    }
@@ -146,7 +158,9 @@ export async function runCliproxyFlow(ctx: ProfileDispatchContext): Promise<void
      targetRemainingArgs.includes('--verbose') || targetRemainingArgs.includes('-v')
    );
    if (!ensureServiceResult.started) {
-      console.error(fail(ensureServiceResult.error || 'Failed to start local CLIProxy service'));
+      process.stderr.write(
        String(fail(ensureServiceResult.error || 'Failed to start local CLIProxy service')) + '\n'
      );
      process.exitCode = 1;
      return;
    }
@@ -177,13 +191,16 @@ export async function runCliproxyFlow(ctx: ProfileDispatchContext): Promise<void
    };
    if (!creds.baseUrl || !creds.apiKey) {
-      console.error(
+      process.stderr.write(
        String(
          fail(
            `Missing CLIProxy runtime credentials for ${profileInfo.name} (ANTHROPIC_BASE_URL/AUTH_TOKEN)`
          )
        ) + '\n'
      );
-      console.error(
+      process.stderr.write(
-        info('Reconfigure with: ccs config > CLIProxy, or run ccs <provider> --config')
+        String(info('Reconfigure with: ccs config > CLIProxy, or run ccs <provider> --config')) +
          '\n'
      );
      process.exitCode = 1;
      return;
@@ -113,10 +113,12 @@ export async function runSettingsFlow(ctx: ProfileDispatchContext): Promise<void
        })
      : {};
  if (continuityInheritance.sourceAccount && process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-    console.error(
+    process.stderr.write(
      String(
        info(
          `Continuity inheritance active: profile "${profileInfo.name}" -> account "${continuityInheritance.sourceAccount}"`
        )
      ) + '\n'
    );
  }
  const inheritedClaudeConfigDir = continuityInheritance.claudeConfigDir;
@@ -165,14 +167,16 @@ export async function runSettingsFlow(ctx: ProfileDispatchContext): Promise<void
      cliproxyBridgeProvider: cliproxyBridge?.provider ?? null,
    });
    if (!compatibility.supported) {
-      console.error(
+      process.stderr.write(
        String(
          fail(
            compatibility.reason ||
              `${targetAdapter?.displayName || resolvedTarget} does not support this profile.`
          )
        ) + '\n'
      );
      if (compatibility.suggestion) {
-        console.error(info(compatibility.suggestion));
+        process.stderr.write(String(info(compatibility.suggestion)) + '\n');
      }
      process.exit(1);
    }
@@ -187,7 +191,7 @@ export async function runSettingsFlow(ctx: ProfileDispatchContext): Promise<void
  if (glmtNormalization) {
    for (const message of glmtNormalization.warnings) {
-      console.error(warn(message));
+      process.stderr.write(String(warn(message)) + '\n');
    }
  }
@@ -197,14 +201,16 @@ export async function runSettingsFlow(ctx: ProfileDispatchContext): Promise<void
    if (apiKey) {
      const validation = await validateGlmKey(apiKey, settingsEnv['ANTHROPIC_BASE_URL']);
      if (!validation.valid) {
-        console.error('');
+        process.stderr.write('\n');
-        console.error(fail(validation.error || 'API key validation failed'));
+        process.stderr.write(String(fail(validation.error || 'API key validation failed')) + '\n');
        if (validation.suggestion) {
-          console.error('');
+          process.stderr.write('\n');
-          console.error(validation.suggestion);
+          process.stderr.write(String(validation.suggestion) + '\n');
        }
-        console.error('');
+        process.stderr.write('\n');
-        console.error(info('To skip validation: CCS_SKIP_PREFLIGHT=1 ccs glm "prompt"'));
+        process.stderr.write(
          String(info('To skip validation: CCS_SKIP_PREFLIGHT=1 ccs glm "prompt"')) + '\n'
        );
        process.exit(1);
      }
    }
@@ -215,14 +221,16 @@ export async function runSettingsFlow(ctx: ProfileDispatchContext): Promise<void
    if (apiKey) {
      const validation = await validateMiniMaxKey(apiKey, settingsEnv['ANTHROPIC_BASE_URL']);
      if (!validation.valid) {
-        console.error('');
+        process.stderr.write('\n');
-        console.error(fail(validation.error || 'API key validation failed'));
+        process.stderr.write(String(fail(validation.error || 'API key validation failed')) + '\n');
        if (validation.suggestion) {
-          console.error('');
+          process.stderr.write('\n');
-          console.error(validation.suggestion);
+          process.stderr.write(String(validation.suggestion) + '\n');
        }
-        console.error('');
+        process.stderr.write('\n');
-        console.error(info('To skip validation: CCS_SKIP_PREFLIGHT=1 ccs mm "prompt"'));
+        process.stderr.write(
          String(info('To skip validation: CCS_SKIP_PREFLIGHT=1 ccs mm "prompt"')) + '\n'
        );
        process.exit(1);
      }
    }
@@ -235,15 +243,17 @@ export async function runSettingsFlow(ctx: ProfileDispatchContext): Promise<void
    if (anthropicApiKey && !hasBaseUrl) {
      const validation = await validateAnthropicKey(anthropicApiKey);
      if (!validation.valid) {
-        console.error('');
+        process.stderr.write('\n');
-        console.error(fail(validation.error || 'API key validation failed'));
+        process.stderr.write(String(fail(validation.error || 'API key validation failed')) + '\n');
        if (validation.suggestion) {
-          console.error('');
+          process.stderr.write('\n');
-          console.error(validation.suggestion);
+          process.stderr.write(String(validation.suggestion) + '\n');
        }
-        console.error('');
+        process.stderr.write('\n');
-        console.error(
+        process.stderr.write(
          String(
            info(`To skip validation: CCS_SKIP_PREFLIGHT=1 ccs ${profileInfo.name} "prompt"`)
          ) + '\n'
        );
        process.exit(1);
      }
@@ -271,7 +281,7 @@ export async function runSettingsFlow(ctx: ProfileDispatchContext): Promise<void
  // Log global env injection for visibility (debug mode only)
  if (globalEnvConfig.enabled && Object.keys(globalEnv).length > 0 && process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
    const envNames = Object.keys(globalEnv).join(', ');
-    console.error(info(`Global env: ${envNames}`));
+    process.stderr.write(String(info(`Global env: ${envNames}`)) + '\n');
  }
  // For Claude target launches that already pass `--settings`, keep runtime env free of
@@ -302,7 +312,7 @@ export async function runSettingsFlow(ctx: ProfileDispatchContext): Promise<void
  if (resolvedTarget !== 'claude') {
    const adapter = targetAdapter;
    if (!adapter) {
-      console.error(fail(`Target adapter not found for "${resolvedTarget}"`));
+      process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Target adapter not found for "${resolvedTarget}"`)) + '\n');
      process.exit(1);
    }
    const directAnthropicBaseUrl =
@@ -349,14 +359,18 @@ export async function runSettingsFlow(ctx: ProfileDispatchContext): Promise<void
      insecure: openAICompatProfile.insecure,
    });
    if (!proxyStart.success) {
-      console.error(fail(proxyStart.error || 'Failed to start local OpenAI-compatible proxy'));
+      process.stderr.write(
        String(fail(proxyStart.error || 'Failed to start local OpenAI-compatible proxy')) + '\n'
      );
      process.exit(1);
    }
-    console.error(
+    process.stderr.write(
      String(
        info(
          `Using local OpenAI-compatible proxy for "${profileInfo.name}" on port ${proxyStart.port}`
        )
      ) + '\n'
    );
    const proxyEnv = {
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ export async function resolveProfileAndTarget(
      profileInfo.target ? { target: profileInfo.target } : undefined
    );
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(fail((error as Error).message));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail((error as Error).message)) + '\n');
    process.exit(1);
    // Unreachable; needed so TS knows resolvedTarget is always assigned below
    throw error;
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ export async function resolveProfileAndTarget(
  // so users get the most actionable error even when the target CLI is not installed.
  if (resolvedTarget !== 'claude') {
    if (!targetAdapter) {
-      console.error(fail(`Target adapter not found for "${resolvedTarget}"`));
+      process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Target adapter not found for "${resolvedTarget}"`)) + '\n');
      process.exit(1);
    }
@@ -235,13 +235,15 @@ export async function resolveProfileAndTarget(
        cliproxyBridgeProvider: resolvedCliproxyBridge?.provider ?? null,
      });
      if (!compatibility.supported) {
-        console.error(
+        process.stderr.write(
          String(
            fail(
              compatibility.reason || `${targetAdapter.displayName} does not support this profile.`
            )
          ) + '\n'
        );
        if (compatibility.suggestion) {
-          console.error(info(compatibility.suggestion));
+          process.stderr.write(String(info(compatibility.suggestion)) + '\n');
        }
        process.exit(1);
      }
@@ -255,13 +257,15 @@ export async function resolveProfileAndTarget(
        isComposite: profileInfo.type === 'cliproxy' ? Boolean(profileInfo.isComposite) : undefined,
      });
      if (!compatibility.supported) {
-        console.error(
+        process.stderr.write(
          String(
            fail(
              compatibility.reason || `${targetAdapter.displayName} does not support this profile.`
            )
          ) + '\n'
        );
        if (compatibility.suggestion) {
-          console.error(info(compatibility.suggestion));
+          process.stderr.write(String(info(compatibility.suggestion)) + '\n');
        }
        process.exit(1);
      }
@@ -269,7 +273,9 @@ export async function resolveProfileAndTarget(
    if (profileInfo.type === 'default') {
      if (!targetAdapter.supportsProfileType('default')) {
-        console.error(fail(`${targetAdapter.displayName} does not support default profile mode`));
+        process.stderr.write(
          String(fail(`${targetAdapter.displayName} does not support default profile mode`)) + '\n'
        );
        process.exit(1);
      }
@@ -278,12 +284,16 @@ export async function resolveProfileAndTarget(
        const baseUrl = process.env['ANTHROPIC_BASE_URL'] || '';
        const apiKey = process.env['ANTHROPIC_AUTH_TOKEN'] || '';
        if (!baseUrl.trim() || !apiKey.trim()) {
-          console.error(
+          process.stderr.write(
            String(
              fail(
                `${targetAdapter.displayName} default mode requires ANTHROPIC_BASE_URL and ANTHROPIC_AUTH_TOKEN`
              )
            ) + '\n'
          );
          process.stderr.write(
            String(info('Use a settings-based profile instead: ccs glm --target droid')) + '\n'
          );
          console.error(info('Use a settings-based profile instead: ccs glm --target droid'));
          process.exit(1);
        }
      }
@@ -324,15 +334,17 @@ export async function resolveProfileAndTarget(
        ? getBlockedBrowserOverrideWarning('Codex Browser Tools', codexBrowserExposure)
        : undefined;
  if (blockedBrowserOverrideWarning) {
-    console.error(warn(blockedBrowserOverrideWarning));
+    process.stderr.write(String(warn(blockedBrowserOverrideWarning)) + '\n');
  }
  if (resolvedTarget !== 'claude' && !targetBinaryInfo) {
    const displayName = targetAdapter?.displayName || resolvedTarget;
-    console.error(fail(`${displayName} CLI not found.`));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail(`${displayName} CLI not found.`)) + '\n');
    if (resolvedTarget === 'droid') {
-      console.error(info('Install: npm i -g @factory/cli'));
+      process.stderr.write(String(info('Install: npm i -g @factory/cli')) + '\n');
    } else if (resolvedTarget === 'codex') {
-      console.error(info('Install a recent @openai/codex build, then retry.'));
+      process.stderr.write(
        String(info('Install a recent @openai/codex build, then retry.')) + '\n'
      );
    }
    process.exit(1);
  }
@@ -344,7 +356,9 @@ export async function resolveProfileAndTarget(
      const activeProfiles = allProfiles.settings.filter((name) => /^[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+$/.test(name));
      await pruneOrphanedModels(activeProfiles);
    } catch (error) {
-      console.error(warn(`[!] Droid prune skipped: ${(error as Error).message}`));
+      process.stderr.write(
        String(warn(`[!] Droid prune skipped: ${(error as Error).message}`)) + '\n'
      );
    }
  }
@@ -364,15 +378,19 @@ export async function resolveProfileAndTarget(
        runtimeReasoningOverride = runtime.reasoningOverride;
      } else {
        if (droidRoute.duplicateReasoningDisplays.length > 0) {
-          console.error(
+          process.stderr.write(
            String(
              warn(
                `[!] Multiple reasoning flags detected. Using first occurrence: ${droidRoute.reasoningSourceDisplay || '<first-flag>'}`
              )
            ) + '\n'
          );
        }
        if (droidRoute.autoPrependedExec && process.stdout.isTTY) {
-          console.error(
+          process.stderr.write(
            String(
              info('Detected Droid exec-only flags. Routing as: droid exec <flags> [prompt]')
            ) + '\n'
          );
        }
      }
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 *   const events = transformer.transformDelta(openaiEvent, acc);
 */
 import { createLogger } from '../services/logging';
 interface ThinkingConfig {
  [key: string]: unknown;
 }
@@ -94,6 +96,7 @@ export class DeltaAccumulator {
  private finalized: boolean;
  private inputTokens: number;
  private outputTokens: number;
  private readonly logger = createLogger('glmt:delta-accumulator');
  constructor(_thinkingConfig: ThinkingConfig = {}, options: DeltaAccumulatorOptions = {}) {
    this.messageId = 'msg_' + Date.now() + '_' + Math.random().toString(36).substring(7);
@@ -179,7 +182,11 @@ export class DeltaAccumulator {
    const block = this.getCurrentBlock();
    if (!block) {
      // FIX: Guard against null block (should never happen, but defensive)
-      console.error('[DeltaAccumulator] ERROR: addDelta called with no current block');
+      this.logger.error(
        'delta.no_current_block',
        'DeltaAccumulator addDelta called with no current block',
        { currentBlockIndex: this.currentBlockIndex }
      );
      return;
    }
@@ -193,8 +200,15 @@ export class DeltaAccumulator {
      // FIX: Verify assignment succeeded (paranoid check for race conditions)
      if (block.content.length !== this.thinkingBuffer.length) {
-        console.error('[DeltaAccumulator] ERROR: Block content assignment failed');
+        this.logger.error(
-        console.error(`Expected: ${this.thinkingBuffer.length}, Got: ${block.content.length}`);
+          'delta.assignment_failed',
          'DeltaAccumulator block content assignment failed',
          {
            blockIndex: block.index,
            expected: this.thinkingBuffer.length,
            actual: block.content.length,
          }
        );
      }
    } else if (block.type === 'text') {
      // C-02 Fix: Enforce buffer size limit
@@ -216,9 +230,10 @@ export class DeltaAccumulator {
      // FIX: Log block closure for debugging (helps diagnose timing issues)
      if (block.type === 'thinking' && process.env.CCS_DEBUG === '1') {
-        console.error(
+        this.logger.debug('delta.stopped_thinking_block', 'Stopped thinking block', {
-          `[DeltaAccumulator] Stopped thinking block ${block.index}: ${block.content?.length || 0} chars`
+          blockIndex: block.index,
-        );
+          contentLength: block.content?.length || 0,
        });
      }
    }
  }
@@ -149,17 +149,24 @@ export class GlmtProxy {
        // Info message (only show in verbose mode)
        if (this.verbose) {
-          console.error(
+          logger.info(
-            `[glmt] Proxy listening on port ${this.port} (streaming with auto-fallback)`
+            'glmt.proxy.listening_verbose',
            'GLMT proxy listening (streaming with auto-fallback)',
            {
              port: this.port,
            }
          );
        }
        // Debug mode notice
        if ((this.transformer as unknown as { debugLog: boolean }).debugLog) {
-          console.error(
+          logger.info('glmt.proxy.debug_log_enabled', 'Debug logging enabled', {
-            `[glmt] Debug logging enabled: ${(this.transformer as unknown as { debugLogDir: string }).debugLogDir}`
+            debugLogDir: (this.transformer as unknown as { debugLogDir: string }).debugLogDir,
          });
          logger.warn(
            'glmt.proxy.debug_log_warning',
            'Debug logs contain full request/response data'
          );
          console.error(`[glmt] WARNING: Debug logs contain full request/response data`);
        }
        this.log(`Verbose logging enabled`);
@@ -167,7 +174,12 @@ export class GlmtProxy {
      });
      this.server.on('error', (error) => {
-        console.error('[glmt-proxy] Server error:', error);
+        logger.error('glmt.proxy.server_error', 'GLMT proxy server error', {
          err:
            error instanceof Error
              ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
              : { message: String(error) },
        });
        reject(error);
      });
    });
@@ -240,7 +252,12 @@ export class GlmtProxy {
      }
    } catch (error) {
      const err = error as Error;
-      console.error('[glmt-proxy] Request error:', err.message);
+      logger.error('glmt.proxy.request_error', 'GLMT proxy request error', {
        err: { name: err.name, message: err.message },
        method: req.method,
        url: req.url,
        durationMs: Date.now() - startTime,
      });
      const duration = Date.now() - startTime;
      this.log(`Request failed after ${duration}ms: ${err.message}`);
@@ -464,9 +481,11 @@ export class GlmtProxy {
        );
        if (this.verbose) {
-          console.error(
+          logger.warn('glmt.proxy.rate_limited_retry', 'Rate limited, retrying after backoff', {
-            `[glmt-proxy] Rate limited, retry ${attempt + 1}/${this.retryConfig.maxRetries} after ${Math.round(delay)}ms`
+            attempt: attempt + 1,
-          );
+            maxRetries: this.retryConfig.maxRetries,
            delayMs: Math.round(delay),
          });
        }
        await this.sleep(delay);
@@ -526,8 +545,14 @@ export class GlmtProxy {
        const delay = this.calculateRetryDelay(attempt, retryAfter);
        if (this.verbose) {
-          console.error(
+          logger.warn(
-            `[glmt-proxy] Rate limited, retry ${attempt + 1}/${this.retryConfig.maxRetries} after ${Math.round(delay)}ms`
+            'glmt.proxy.rate_limited_retry_stream',
            'Rate limited (streaming), retrying after backoff',
            {
              attempt: attempt + 1,
              maxRetries: this.retryConfig.maxRetries,
              delayMs: Math.round(delay),
            }
          );
        }
@@ -766,7 +791,7 @@ export class GlmtProxy {
   */
  private log(message: string): void {
    if (this.verbose) {
-      console.error(`[glmt-proxy] ${message}`);
+      logger.info('glmt.proxy.verbose', message);
    }
  }
@@ -878,7 +903,12 @@ if (require.main === module) {
  const proxy = new GlmtProxy({ verbose });
  proxy.start().catch((error) => {
-    console.error('[glmt-proxy] Failed to start:', error);
+    logger.error('glmt.proxy.start_failed', 'GLMT proxy failed to start', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    process.exit(1);
  });
@@ -895,7 +925,12 @@ if (require.main === module) {
  // Keep process alive
  process.on('uncaughtException', (error) => {
-    console.error('[glmt-proxy] Uncaught exception:', error);
+    logger.error('glmt.proxy.uncaught_exception', 'GLMT proxy uncaught exception', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    proxy.stop();
    process.exit(1);
  });
@@ -135,7 +135,6 @@ export class GlmtTransformer {
        undefined,
        { level: 'error', error: { name: err.name, message: err.message } }
      );
      console.error('[glmt-transformer] Response transformation error:', err);
      return {
        id: 'msg_error_' + Date.now(),
        type: 'message',
@@ -186,16 +185,14 @@ export class GlmtTransformer {
      fs.writeFileSync(filepath, JSON.stringify(redacted, null, 2) + '\n', 'utf8');
    } catch (error) {
      this.logger.warn('debug-log.write_failed', 'GLMT debug log write failed', {
-        message: (error as Error).message,
+        err: { name: (error as Error).name, message: (error as Error).message },
      });
      console.error(`[glmt-transformer] Debug log error: ${(error as Error).message}`);
    }
  }
  private log(message: string): void {
    if (this.verbose) {
      this.logger.debug('transformer.verbose', message);
      console.error(`[glmt-transformer] [${new Date().toTimeString().split(' ')[0]}] ${message}`);
    }
  }
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 * - Map models and configure parameters
 */
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 import { LocaleEnforcer } from '../locale-enforcer';
 import { ReasoningEnforcer } from '../reasoning-enforcer';
 import { ContentTransformer } from './content-transformer';
@@ -18,6 +19,8 @@ import type {
  TransformResult,
 } from './types';
 const logger = createLogger('glmt:pipeline:request-transformer');
 export interface RequestTransformerConfig {
  defaultThinking?: boolean;
  verbose?: boolean;
@@ -131,7 +134,9 @@ export class RequestTransformer {
      return { openaiRequest, thinkingConfig };
    } catch (error) {
      const err = error as Error;
-      console.error('[RequestTransformer] Transformation error:', err);
+      logger.error('transform_failed', 'Anthropic to OpenAI request transformation failed', {
        err: { name: err.name, message: err.message },
      });
      return {
        openaiRequest: anthropicRequest,
        thinkingConfig: { thinking: false, effort: 'medium' },
@@ -9,9 +9,12 @@
 */
 import * as crypto from 'crypto';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 import type { DeltaAccumulator } from '../delta-accumulator';
 import type { AccumulatorBlock, AnthropicSSEEvent, ThinkingSignature } from './types';
 const logger = createLogger('glmt:pipeline:response-builder');
 export class ResponseBuilder {
  private verbose: boolean;
@@ -101,11 +104,10 @@ export class ResponseBuilder {
    // FIX: Guard against empty content (signature timing race)
    if (!block.content || block.content.length === 0) {
      if (this.verbose) {
-        console.error(
+        logger.warn(
-          `[ResponseBuilder] WARNING: Skipping signature for empty thinking block ${block.index}`
+          'signature_empty_thinking_block',
-        );
+          'Skipping signature for empty thinking block - possible race condition',
-        console.error(
+          { blockIndex: block.index }
          `This indicates a race condition - signature requested before content accumulated`
        );
      }
      return null;
@@ -114,9 +116,10 @@ export class ResponseBuilder {
    const signature = this.generateThinkingSignature(block.content);
    if (this.verbose) {
-      console.error(
+      logger.info('signature_generated', 'Generated thinking signature', {
-        `[ResponseBuilder] Generating signature for block ${block.index}: ${block.content.length} chars`
+        blockIndex: block.index,
-      );
+        contentLength: block.content.length,
      });
    }
    return {
@@ -8,11 +8,14 @@
 * - Generate appropriate Anthropic SSE events
 */
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 import type { DeltaAccumulator } from '../delta-accumulator';
 import type { SSEEvent, AnthropicSSEEvent, AccumulatorBlock } from './types';
 import { ResponseBuilder } from './response-builder';
 import { ToolCallHandler } from './tool-call-handler';
 const logger = createLogger('glmt:pipeline:stream-parser');
 export interface StreamParserConfig {
  verbose?: boolean;
  debugMode?: boolean;
@@ -144,10 +147,11 @@ export class StreamParser {
    const currentBlock = accumulator.getCurrentBlock();
    if (this.debugMode) {
-      console.error(`[StreamParser] Reasoning delta: ${reasoningContent.length} chars`);
+      logger.info('reasoning_delta', 'Reasoning content delta received', {
-      console.error(
+        deltaLength: reasoningContent.length,
-        `[StreamParser] Current block: ${currentBlock?.type || 'none'}, index: ${currentBlock?.index ?? 'N/A'}`
+        currentBlockType: currentBlock?.type || 'none',
-      );
+        currentBlockIndex: currentBlock?.index ?? null,
      });
    }
    if (!currentBlock || currentBlock.type !== 'thinking') {
@@ -156,7 +160,9 @@ export class StreamParser {
      events.push(this.responseBuilder.createContentBlockStartEvent(block));
      if (this.debugMode) {
-        console.error(`[StreamParser] Started new thinking block ${block.index}`);
+        logger.info('thinking_block_started', 'Started new thinking block', {
          blockIndex: block.index,
        });
      }
    }
@@ -296,8 +302,7 @@ export class StreamParser {
   */
  private log(message: string): void {
    if (this.verbose) {
-      const timestamp = new Date().toTimeString().split(' ')[0]; // HH:MM:SS
+      logger.warn('stream_parser_verbose', message, {});
      console.error(`[StreamParser] [${timestamp}] ${message}`);
    }
  }
 }
@@ -7,9 +7,12 @@
 * - Handle input_json_delta events
 */
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 import type { DeltaAccumulator } from '../delta-accumulator';
 import type { OpenAIToolCallDelta, OpenAIToolCall, ContentBlock, AnthropicSSEEvent } from './types';
 const logger = createLogger('glmt:pipeline:tool-call-handler');
 export class ToolCallHandler {
  processToolCalls(toolCalls: OpenAIToolCall[]): ContentBlock[] {
    const content: ContentBlock[] = [];
@@ -20,7 +23,15 @@ export class ToolCallHandler {
        parsedInput = JSON.parse(toolCall.function.arguments || '{}');
      } catch (parseError) {
        const err = parseError as Error;
-        console.error(`[ToolCallHandler] Invalid JSON in tool arguments: ${err.message}`);
+        logger.warn(
          'tool_arguments_invalid_json',
          'Tool call arguments contained invalid JSON, storing raw value',
          {
            err: { name: err.name, message: err.message },
            toolCallId: toolCall.id,
            toolCallName: toolCall.function.name,
          }
        );
        parsedInput = { _error: 'Invalid JSON', _raw: toolCall.function.arguments };
      }
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 *   });
 */
 import { createLogger } from '../services/logging';
 interface SSEParserOptions {
  maxBufferSize?: number;
  throwOnMalformedJson?: boolean;
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@ export class SSEParser {
  private maxBufferSize: number;
  private throwOnMalformedJson: boolean;
  private pendingCR: boolean;
  private readonly logger = createLogger('glmt:sse-parser');
  constructor(options: SSEParserOptions = {}) {
    this.buffer = '';
@@ -118,14 +121,11 @@ export class SSEParser {
        currentEvent.index = this.eventCount;
        events.push({ ...currentEvent });
      } catch (e) {
-        if (typeof console !== 'undefined' && console.error) {
+        this.logger.warn('sse.malformed_json', 'Malformed JSON event in SSE stream', {
-          console.error(
+          err: e instanceof Error ? { name: e.name, message: e.message } : { message: String(e) },
-            '[SSEParser] Malformed JSON event:',
+          dataPreview: data.substring(0, 100),
-            (e as Error).message,
+          eventIndex: this.eventCount,
-            'Data:',
+        });
            data.substring(0, 100)
          );
        }
        if (this.throwOnMalformedJson) {
          throw new Error(`Malformed SSE JSON event: ${(e as Error).message}`);
        }
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ function startRuntime(options: RuntimeOptions): void {
    insecure: options.insecure,
  });
  server.once('error', (error) => {
-    console.error((error as Error).message);
+    process.stderr.write(String((error as Error).message) + '\n');
    process.exit(1);
  });
  const shutdown = () => server.close();
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ import { DeltaAccumulator } from '../../glmt/delta-accumulator';
 import { GlmtTransformer } from '../../glmt/glmt-transformer';
 import { SSEParser } from '../../glmt/sse-parser';
 import type { OpenAIResponse, SSEEvent } from '../../glmt/pipeline';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 const logger = createLogger('proxy:sse-stream-transformer');
 const JSON_TRANSLATION_ERROR_MESSAGE = 'Failed to translate OpenAI-compatible JSON response';
 const STREAM_TRANSLATION_ERROR_MESSAGE = 'Failed to translate OpenAI-compatible SSE response';
@@ -26,20 +29,13 @@ function createAnthropicErrorPayload(type: string, message: string): AnthropicEr
  };
 }
-function formatErrorForLog(error: unknown): string {
+function logTranslationError(event: string, message: string, error: unknown): void {
-  if (error instanceof Error) {
+  logger.error(event, message, {
-    return error.message;
+    err:
-  }
+      error instanceof Error
-
+        ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
-  try {
+        : { message: String(error) },
-    return JSON.stringify(error);
+  });
  } catch {
    return String(error);
  }
 }
 function logTranslationError(context: string, error: unknown): void {
  console.error(`[proxy-sse-transformer] ${context}: ${formatErrorForLog(error)}`);
 }
 export function createAnthropicErrorResponse(
@@ -130,7 +126,11 @@ async function createAnthropicErrorProxyResponse(response: Response): Promise<Re
      }
    }
  } catch (error) {
-    logTranslationError('Failed to parse upstream error response', error);
+    logTranslationError(
      'sse_transformer.upstream_error_parse_failed',
      'Failed to parse upstream error response',
      error
    );
  }
  return createAnthropicErrorResponse(response.status, type, message, headers);
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ async function createAnthropicJsonResponse(response: Response): Promise<Response
    const anthropicResponse = new GlmtTransformer().transformResponse(openAIResponse);
    if (isSyntheticTransformationFallback(anthropicResponse)) {
      logTranslationError(
        'sse_transformer.json_synthetic_fallback',
        'OpenAI-compatible JSON translation produced synthetic fallback response',
        anthropicResponse
      );
@@ -157,7 +158,11 @@ async function createAnthropicJsonResponse(response: Response): Promise<Response
      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
    });
  } catch (error) {
-    logTranslationError('OpenAI-compatible JSON translation failed', error);
+    logTranslationError(
      'sse_transformer.json_translation_failed',
      'OpenAI-compatible JSON translation failed',
      error
    );
    return createAnthropicErrorResponse(502, 'api_error', JSON_TRANSLATION_ERROR_MESSAGE);
  }
 }
@@ -210,7 +215,11 @@ function createAnthropicStreamingResponse(response: Response): Response {
          }
        }
      } catch (error) {
-        logTranslationError('OpenAI-compatible SSE translation failed', error);
+        logTranslationError(
          'sse_transformer.sse_translation_failed',
          'OpenAI-compatible SSE translation failed',
          error
        );
        controller.enqueue(
          encoder.encode(
            formatSseEvent(
@@ -31,6 +31,29 @@ function maskAuthSchemeValue(value: string): string {
  return `${match[1]} [redacted]`;
 }
 /**
 * Known credential token shapes that may appear anywhere in a string value
 * (error messages, URLs, free-text). Applied IN ADDITION to sensitive-key
 * redaction so a token routed through a non-sensitive field (e.g. an Error
 * captured under `err`) is still scrubbed. Each branch requires a distinctive
 * prefix plus an ample body to minimise false positives on ordinary prose.
 */
 const SECRET_TOKEN_PATTERN =
  /(?:Bearer|Basic|Token)\s+\S{8,}|sk-ant-[A-Za-z0-9_-]{16,}|sk-[A-Za-z0-9_-]{32,}|xox[bpoa]-[A-Za-z0-9-]{10,}|gh[opsu]_[A-Za-z0-9]{36,}|glpat-[A-Za-z0-9_-]{18,}|AIza[0-9A-Za-z_-]{35}|eyJ[A-Za-z0-9_-]{8,}\.eyJ[A-Za-z0-9_-]{8,}\.[A-Za-z0-9_-]*|(?:api[_-]?key|access[_-]?token|refresh[_-]?token|secret)(?:=|%3D)[A-Za-z0-9._~+/=-]{8,}/g;
 /**
 * Scrub known credential shapes from an arbitrary string. Preserves the
 * Bearer/Basic/Token scheme prefix when present so the entry stays readable.
 * Exported so the logger can also scrub the human-authored message string
 * (defense-in-depth for the hotpath console.error sweep).
 */
 export function maskSecretTokens(value: string): string {
  return value.replace(SECRET_TOKEN_PATTERN, (match) => {
    const scheme = /^(Bearer|Basic|Token)\s+/.exec(match);
    return scheme ? `${scheme[1]} [redacted]` : '[redacted]';
  });
 }
 function sanitizeValue(value: unknown, depth: number): unknown {
  if (value === null || value === undefined) {
    return value;
@@ -41,7 +64,7 @@ function sanitizeValue(value: unknown, depth: number): unknown {
  }
  if (typeof value === 'string') {
-    return truncateString(maskAuthSchemeValue(value));
+    return truncateString(maskSecretTokens(maskAuthSchemeValue(value)));
  }
  if (typeof value === 'number' || typeof value === 'boolean') {
@@ -51,7 +74,7 @@ function sanitizeValue(value: unknown, depth: number): unknown {
  if (value instanceof Error) {
    return {
      name: value.name,
-      message: truncateString(value.message),
+      message: truncateString(maskSecretTokens(value.message)),
    };
  }
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { randomUUID } from 'crypto';
 import { getResolvedLoggingConfig } from './log-config';
 import { getRequestContext } from './log-context';
-import { redactContext } from './log-redaction';
+import { maskSecretTokens, redactContext } from './log-redaction';
 import { appendStructuredLogEntry } from './log-storage';
 import type { LogEntry, LogStage, LoggingLevel } from './log-types';
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ function createEntry(
    level,
    source,
    event,
-    message,
+    message: maskSecretTokens(message),
    processId: process.pid,
    runId: processRunId,
    context: config.redact ? redactContext(context) : context,
@@ -383,27 +383,30 @@ export class CodexAdapter implements TargetAdapter {
    const codexPath = options?.binaryInfo?.path || detectCodexCli();
    if (!codexPath) {
-      console.error('[X] Codex CLI not found. Install a recent @openai/codex build first.');
+      process.stderr.write(
        String('[X] Codex CLI not found. Install a recent @openai/codex build first.') + '\n'
      );
      return exitWithCleanup(1);
    }
    try {
      const stat = fs.statSync(codexPath);
      if (!stat.isFile()) {
-        console.error(`[X] Codex CLI path is not a file: ${codexPath}`);
+        process.stderr.write(`[X] Codex CLI path is not a file: ${codexPath}\n`);
        return exitWithCleanup(1);
      }
    } catch (err) {
      const error = err as NodeJS.ErrnoException;
-      console.error(
+      process.stderr.write(
-        `[X] Codex CLI path is not accessible (${error.code || 'unknown'}): ${codexPath}`
+        String(`[X] Codex CLI path is not accessible (${error.code || 'unknown'}): ${codexPath}`) +
          '\n'
      );
      return exitWithCleanup(1);
    }
    const codexHomePreparation = prepareExplicitCodexHome(env, args);
    if (codexHomePreparation.error) {
-      console.error(codexHomePreparation.error);
+      process.stderr.write(String(codexHomePreparation.error) + '\n');
      return exitWithCleanup(1);
    }
    const launchEnv = codexHomePreparation.env;
@@ -450,18 +453,22 @@ export class CodexAdapter implements TargetAdapter {
    wireChildProcessSignals(child, (err: NodeJS.ErrnoException) => {
      if (err.code === 'EACCES') {
-        console.error(`[X] Codex CLI is not executable: ${codexPath}`);
+        process.stderr.write(`[X] Codex CLI is not executable: ${codexPath}\n`);
-        console.error('    Check file permissions and executable bit.');
+        process.stderr.write('    Check file permissions and executable bit.\n');
      } else if (err.code === 'ENOENT') {
        if (isPowerShellScript) {
-          console.error('[X] PowerShell executable not found (required for .ps1 wrapper launch).');
+          process.stderr.write(
            String('[X] PowerShell executable not found (required for .ps1 wrapper launch).') + '\n'
          );
        } else if (needsShell) {
-          console.error('[X] Windows command shell not found for Codex wrapper launch.');
+          process.stderr.write(
            String('[X] Windows command shell not found for Codex wrapper launch.') + '\n'
          );
        } else {
-          console.error(`[X] Codex CLI not found: ${codexPath}`);
+          process.stderr.write(`[X] Codex CLI not found: ${codexPath}\n`);
        }
      } else {
-        console.error(`[X] Failed to start Codex CLI (${codexPath}): ${err.message}`);
+        process.stderr.write(`[X] Failed to start Codex CLI (${codexPath}): ${err.message}\n`);
      }
      return exitWithCleanup(1);
    });
@@ -104,19 +104,19 @@ export class DroidAdapter implements TargetAdapter {
    const droidPath = options?.binaryInfo?.path || detectDroidCli();
    if (!droidPath) {
-      console.error('[X] Droid CLI not found. Install: npm i -g @factory/cli');
+      process.stderr.write('[X] Droid CLI not found. Install: npm i -g @factory/cli\n');
      return exitWithCleanup(1);
    }
    try {
      const stat = fs.statSync(droidPath);
      if (!stat.isFile()) {
-        console.error(`[X] Droid CLI path is not a file: ${droidPath}`);
+        process.stderr.write(`[X] Droid CLI path is not a file: ${droidPath}\n`);
        return exitWithCleanup(1);
      }
    } catch (err) {
      const error = err as NodeJS.ErrnoException;
-      console.error(
+      process.stderr.write(
-        `[X] Droid CLI path is not accessible (${error.code || 'unknown'}): ${droidPath}`
+        `[X] Droid CLI path is not accessible (${error.code || 'unknown'}): ${droidPath}\n`
      );
      return exitWithCleanup(1);
    }
@@ -171,21 +171,23 @@ export class DroidAdapter implements TargetAdapter {
    wireChildProcessSignals(child, (err: NodeJS.ErrnoException) => {
      if (err.code === 'EACCES') {
-        console.error(`[X] Droid CLI is not executable: ${droidPath}`);
+        process.stderr.write(`[X] Droid CLI is not executable: ${droidPath}\n`);
-        console.error('    Check file permissions and executable bit.');
+        process.stderr.write('    Check file permissions and executable bit.\n');
      } else if (err.code === 'ENOENT') {
        if (isPowerShellScript) {
-          console.error('[X] PowerShell executable not found (required for .ps1 wrapper launch).');
+          process.stderr.write(
-          console.error('    Ensure powershell.exe is available in PATH.');
+            '[X] PowerShell executable not found (required for .ps1 wrapper launch).\n'
          );
          process.stderr.write('    Ensure powershell.exe is available in PATH.\n');
        } else if (needsShell) {
-          console.error('[X] Windows command shell not found for Droid wrapper launch.');
+          process.stderr.write('[X] Windows command shell not found for Droid wrapper launch.\n');
-          console.error('    Ensure cmd.exe is available and accessible.');
+          process.stderr.write('    Ensure cmd.exe is available and accessible.\n');
        } else {
-          console.error(`[X] Droid CLI not found: ${droidPath}`);
+          process.stderr.write(`[X] Droid CLI not found: ${droidPath}\n`);
-          console.error('    Install: npm i -g @factory/cli');
+          process.stderr.write('    Install: npm i -g @factory/cli\n');
        }
      } else {
-        console.error(`[X] Failed to start Droid CLI (${droidPath}):`, err.message);
+        process.stderr.write(`[X] Failed to start Droid CLI (${droidPath}): ${err.message}\n`);
      }
      return exitWithCleanup(1);
    });
@@ -59,8 +59,10 @@ function hasMatchingContents(sourcePath: string, destinationPath: string): boole
    return source.equals(destination);
  } catch (error) {
    if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-      console.error(
+      process.stderr.write(
        String(
          warn(`Existing Image Analysis MCP server is unreadable: ${(error as Error).message}`)
        ) + '\n'
      );
    }
    return false;
@@ -170,7 +172,9 @@ function removeManagedServerConfig(configPath: string): boolean {
      const config = readClaudeUserConfig(configPath);
      if (config === null) {
        if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-          console.error(warn(`Malformed Claude config prevents MCP cleanup: ${configPath}`));
+          process.stderr.write(
            String(warn(`Malformed Claude config prevents MCP cleanup: ${configPath}`)) + '\n'
          );
        }
        return false;
      }
@@ -198,15 +202,19 @@ function removeManagedServerConfig(configPath: string): boolean {
      try {
        writeClaudeUserConfig(configPath, nextConfig);
        if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-          console.error(info(`Removed Image Analysis MCP config from ${configPath}`));
+          process.stderr.write(
            String(info(`Removed Image Analysis MCP config from ${configPath}`)) + '\n'
          );
        }
        return true;
      } catch (error) {
        if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-          console.error(
+          process.stderr.write(
            String(
              warn(
                `Failed to remove Image Analysis MCP config from ${configPath}: ${(error as Error).message}`
              )
            ) + '\n'
          );
        }
        return false;
@@ -215,10 +223,12 @@ function removeManagedServerConfig(configPath: string): boolean {
  } catch (error) {
    if (isLockUnavailableError(error)) {
      if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-        console.error(
+        process.stderr.write(
          String(
            warn(
              `Image Analysis MCP cleanup skipped because ${configPath} is locked by another process`
            )
          ) + '\n'
        );
      }
      return false;
@@ -249,8 +259,9 @@ export function installImageAnalysisMcpServer(): boolean {
  const missingArtifact = artifacts.find((artifact) => !artifact.sourcePath);
  if (missingArtifact) {
    if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-      console.error(
+      process.stderr.write(
-        warn(`Image Analysis MCP runtime source not found: ${missingArtifact.fileName}`)
+        String(warn(`Image Analysis MCP runtime source not found: ${missingArtifact.fileName}`)) +
          '\n'
      );
    }
    return false;
@@ -301,8 +312,9 @@ export function installImageAnalysisMcpServer(): boolean {
    return true;
  } catch (error) {
    if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-      console.error(
+      process.stderr.write(
-        warn(`Failed to install Image Analysis MCP server: ${(error as Error).message}`)
+        String(warn(`Failed to install Image Analysis MCP server: ${(error as Error).message}`)) +
          '\n'
      );
    }
    return false;
@@ -333,7 +345,9 @@ export function ensureImageAnalysisMcpConfig(): boolean {
      if (config === null) {
        if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-          console.error(warn('Malformed ~/.claude.json prevents Image Analysis MCP provisioning'));
+          process.stderr.write(
            String(warn('Malformed ~/.claude.json prevents Image Analysis MCP provisioning')) + '\n'
          );
        }
        return false;
      }
@@ -364,12 +378,16 @@ export function ensureImageAnalysisMcpConfig(): boolean {
      try {
        writeClaudeUserConfig(claudeUserConfigPath, nextConfig);
        if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-          console.error(info(`Ensured Image Analysis MCP config in ${claudeUserConfigPath}`));
+          process.stderr.write(
            String(info(`Ensured Image Analysis MCP config in ${claudeUserConfigPath}`)) + '\n'
          );
        }
        return true;
      } catch (error) {
        if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-          console.error(warn(`Failed to update ~/.claude.json: ${(error as Error).message}`));
+          process.stderr.write(
            String(warn(`Failed to update ~/.claude.json: ${(error as Error).message}`)) + '\n'
          );
        }
        return false;
      }
@@ -377,10 +395,12 @@ export function ensureImageAnalysisMcpConfig(): boolean {
  } catch (error) {
    if (isLockUnavailableError(error)) {
      if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-        console.error(
+        process.stderr.write(
          String(
            warn(
              `Image Analysis MCP provisioning skipped because ${claudeUserConfigPath} is locked by another process`
            )
          ) + '\n'
        );
      }
      return false;
@@ -426,8 +446,9 @@ export function uninstallImageAnalysisMcpServer(): boolean {
    return removed;
  } catch (error) {
    if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-      console.error(
+      process.stderr.write(
-        warn(`Failed to remove Image Analysis MCP server: ${(error as Error).message}`)
+        String(warn(`Failed to remove Image Analysis MCP server: ${(error as Error).message}`)) +
          '\n'
      );
    }
    return false;
@@ -461,10 +482,12 @@ export function ensureImageAnalysisMcpOrThrow(): boolean {
  const ready = ensureImageAnalysisMcp();
  if (!ready) {
-    console.error(
+    process.stderr.write(
      String(
        warn(
          'Image Analysis is enabled, but CCS could not prepare the local ImageAnalysis tool. This session will fall back to native Read.'
        )
      ) + '\n'
    );
  }
@@ -55,8 +55,9 @@ function hasMatchingContents(sourcePath: string, destinationPath: string): boole
    return source.equals(destination);
  } catch (error) {
    if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-      console.error(
+      process.stderr.write(
-        warn(`Existing WebSearch MCP server is unreadable: ${(error as Error).message}`)
+        String(warn(`Existing WebSearch MCP server is unreadable: ${(error as Error).message}`)) +
          '\n'
      );
    }
    return false;
@@ -127,7 +128,9 @@ function removeManagedServerConfig(configPath: string): boolean {
      const config = readClaudeUserConfig(configPath);
      if (config === null) {
        if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-          console.error(warn(`Malformed Claude config prevents MCP cleanup: ${configPath}`));
+          process.stderr.write(
            String(warn(`Malformed Claude config prevents MCP cleanup: ${configPath}`)) + '\n'
          );
        }
        return false;
      }
@@ -155,15 +158,19 @@ function removeManagedServerConfig(configPath: string): boolean {
      try {
        writeClaudeUserConfig(configPath, nextConfig);
        if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-          console.error(info(`Removed WebSearch MCP config from ${configPath}`));
+          process.stderr.write(
            String(info(`Removed WebSearch MCP config from ${configPath}`)) + '\n'
          );
        }
        return true;
      } catch (error) {
        if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-          console.error(
+          process.stderr.write(
            String(
              warn(
                `Failed to remove WebSearch MCP config from ${configPath}: ${(error as Error).message}`
              )
            ) + '\n'
          );
        }
        return false;
@@ -192,8 +199,9 @@ export function installWebSearchMcpServer(): boolean {
  if (!installWebSearchHook()) {
    appendWebSearchTrace('websearch_mcp_install_failed', { reason: 'hook_unavailable' });
    if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-      console.error(
+      process.stderr.write(
-        warn('WebSearch MCP server install skipped because hook runtime is unavailable')
+        String(warn('WebSearch MCP server install skipped because hook runtime is unavailable')) +
          '\n'
      );
    }
    return false;
@@ -203,7 +211,9 @@ export function installWebSearchMcpServer(): boolean {
  if (!sourcePath) {
    appendWebSearchTrace('websearch_mcp_install_failed', { reason: 'source_missing' });
    if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-      console.error(warn(`WebSearch MCP server source not found: ${WEBSEARCH_MCP_SERVER}`));
+      process.stderr.write(
        String(warn(`WebSearch MCP server source not found: ${WEBSEARCH_MCP_SERVER}`)) + '\n'
      );
    }
    return false;
  }
@@ -245,7 +255,9 @@ export function installWebSearchMcpServer(): boolean {
      error: (error as Error).message,
    });
    if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-      console.error(warn(`Failed to install WebSearch MCP server: ${(error as Error).message}`));
+      process.stderr.write(
        String(warn(`Failed to install WebSearch MCP server: ${(error as Error).message}`)) + '\n'
      );
    }
    return false;
  } finally {
@@ -271,7 +283,9 @@ export function ensureWebSearchMcpConfig(): boolean {
      if (config === null) {
        appendWebSearchTrace('websearch_mcp_config_failed', { reason: 'malformed_user_config' });
        if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-          console.error(warn('Malformed ~/.claude.json prevents WebSearch MCP provisioning'));
+          process.stderr.write(
            String(warn('Malformed ~/.claude.json prevents WebSearch MCP provisioning')) + '\n'
          );
        }
        return false;
      }
@@ -311,7 +325,9 @@ export function ensureWebSearchMcpConfig(): boolean {
        writeClaudeUserConfig(claudeUserConfigPath, nextConfig);
        appendWebSearchTrace('websearch_mcp_config_ready', { configPath: claudeUserConfigPath });
        if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-          console.error(info(`Ensured WebSearch MCP config in ${claudeUserConfigPath}`));
+          process.stderr.write(
            String(info(`Ensured WebSearch MCP config in ${claudeUserConfigPath}`)) + '\n'
          );
        }
        return true;
      } catch (error) {
@@ -321,7 +337,9 @@ export function ensureWebSearchMcpConfig(): boolean {
          error: (error as Error).message,
        });
        if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-          console.error(warn(`Failed to update ~/.claude.json: ${(error as Error).message}`));
+          process.stderr.write(
            String(warn(`Failed to update ~/.claude.json: ${(error as Error).message}`)) + '\n'
          );
        }
        return false;
      }
@@ -334,10 +352,12 @@ export function ensureWebSearchMcpConfig(): boolean {
        error: (error as Error).message,
      });
      if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-        console.error(
+        process.stderr.write(
          String(
            warn(
              `WebSearch MCP config skipped because ${claudeUserConfigPath} is locked by another process`
            )
          ) + '\n'
        );
      }
      return false;
@@ -381,7 +401,9 @@ export function uninstallWebSearchMcpServer(): boolean {
    return true;
  } catch (error) {
    if (process.env.CCS_DEBUG) {
-      console.error(warn(`Failed to remove WebSearch MCP server: ${(error as Error).message}`));
+      process.stderr.write(
        String(warn(`Failed to remove WebSearch MCP server: ${(error as Error).message}`)) + '\n'
      );
    }
    return false;
  }
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ import type { HealthReport } from '../health-service';
 import type { CliproxyUsageHistoryDetail } from '../usage/cliproxy-usage-transformer';
 import { computeBarAnalyticsFromDaily } from '../usage/bar-analytics';
 import type { DailyUsage, HourlyUsage } from '../usage/types';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 const logger = createLogger('web-server:routes:bar');
 // ============================================================================
 // Types
@@ -551,7 +554,11 @@ export function createBarRouter(deps: BarRouterDeps): Router {
      res.json([...rows, ...nativeRows].map(serializeBarRow));
    } catch (err) {
-      console.error('[bar-routes] /summary error:', (err as Error).message);
+      const e = err as Error;
      logger.error('bar.summary_failed', 'Failed to build bar summary payload', {
        refresh: req.query['refresh'] === 'true',
        err: { name: e.name, message: e.message },
      });
      res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
    }
  });
@@ -575,7 +582,10 @@ export function createBarRouter(deps: BarRouterDeps): Router {
      const analytics = computeBarAnalyticsFromDaily(daily ?? [], hourly ?? [], new Date());
      res.json(analytics);
    } catch (err) {
-      console.error('[bar-routes] /analytics error:', (err as Error).message);
+      const e = err as Error;
      logger.error('bar.analytics_failed', 'Failed to compute bar analytics payload', {
        err: { name: e.name, message: e.message },
      });
      res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
    }
  });
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 import { Router, Request, Response } from 'express';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 import {
  getAllAuthStatus,
  getOAuthConfig,
@@ -78,6 +80,7 @@ import { buildOAuthStartFailureGuidance } from '../../cliproxy/auth/oauth-start-
 import { getStoredConfiguredBackend } from '../../cliproxy/binary-manager';
 const router = Router();
 const logger = createLogger('web-server:routes:cliproxy-auth');
 const MANUAL_AUTH_STATE_TTL_MS = 10 * 60 * 1000;
 const POLLED_AUTH_LOCAL_TOKEN_GRACE_MS = 15 * 1000;
@@ -1097,8 +1100,10 @@ router.post('/:provider/start-url', async (req: Request, res: Response): Promise
    getStoredConfiguredBackend()
  );
  if (credentialError) {
-    console.error(
+    logger.warn(
-      `[cliproxy-auth-routes] start-url credential guard fired for provider=${provider}: ${credentialError}`
+      'cliproxy_auth.start_url.credential_guard_fired',
      'start-url credential guard fired for Plus-backend provider',
      { provider, reason: credentialError }
    );
    res.status(400).json({
      error: 'plus_oauth_credentials_missing',
@@ -1154,8 +1159,10 @@ router.post('/:provider/start-url', async (req: Request, res: Response): Promise
      const authUrlError = getPlusAuthUrlCredentialError(provider as CLIProxyProvider, authUrl);
      if (authUrlError) {
        const redactedUrl = authUrl.split('?')[0];
-        console.error(
+        logger.error(
-          `[cliproxy-auth-routes] Plus emitted OAuth URL without client_id for provider=${provider} url=${redactedUrl}`
+          'cliproxy_auth.start_url.missing_client_id',
          'Plus emitted OAuth URL without client_id',
          { provider, urlOrigin: redactedUrl }
        );
        res.status(502).json({
          error: 'plus_oauth_url_missing_client_id',
@@ -1192,8 +1199,10 @@ router.post('/:provider/start-url', async (req: Request, res: Response): Promise
    });
  } catch (error) {
    if (error instanceof SyntaxError) {
-      console.error(
+      logger.error(
-        `[cliproxy-auth-routes] Invalid OAuth start response for provider=${provider}: ${error.message}`
+        'cliproxy_auth.start_url.invalid_response',
        'Invalid OAuth start response from CLIProxyAPI',
        { provider, err: { name: error.name, message: error.message } }
      );
      res.status(502).json({
        error: 'cliproxy_oauth_start_invalid_response',
@@ -1211,7 +1220,11 @@ router.post('/:provider/start-url', async (req: Request, res: Response): Promise
      startPath: startPath ?? `/v0/management/${authUrlProvider}-auth-url?is_webui=true`,
      cause: error,
    });
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-auth-routes] ${guidance.message} ${guidance.details}`);
+    logger.error(
      'cliproxy_auth.start_url.request_failed',
      guidance.message || 'OAuth start request failed',
      { provider, details: guidance.details }
    );
    res.status(503).json(guidance);
  }
 });
@@ -57,6 +57,9 @@ import {
 import { installDashboardCliproxyVersion } from '../services/cliproxy-dashboard-install-service';
 import { restartDashboardCliproxy } from '../services/cliproxy-dashboard-restart-service';
 import { requireLocalAccessWhenAuthDisabled } from '../middleware/auth-middleware';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 const logger = createLogger('web-server:routes:cliproxy-stats');
 const router = Router();
 type RestartDashboardCliproxyHandler = typeof restartDashboardCliproxy;
@@ -297,7 +300,12 @@ const handleStatsRequest = async (_req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> =
    res.json(stats);
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 };
@@ -322,7 +330,12 @@ router.get('/status', async (_req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> => {
    const running = await isCliproxyRunning(resolveLifecyclePort());
    res.json({ running });
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -360,7 +373,12 @@ router.get('/proxy-status', async (_req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void>
      res.json(sessionStatus);
    }
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -375,7 +393,12 @@ router.post('/proxy-start', async (_req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void>
    const result = await ensureCliproxyService(resolveLifecyclePort());
    res.json(result);
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -389,7 +412,12 @@ router.post('/proxy-stop', async (_req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> =
    const result = await stopProxy(resolveLifecyclePort());
    res.json(result);
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -405,7 +433,12 @@ router.get('/update-check', async (_req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void>
    res.json(result);
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -438,7 +471,12 @@ router.get('/models', async (_req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> => {
    res.json(modelsResponse);
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -486,7 +524,12 @@ router.get('/error-logs', async (_req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> =>
    res.json({ files: filesWithMetadata });
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -526,7 +569,12 @@ router.get('/error-logs/:name', async (req: Request, res: Response): Promise<voi
    res.type('text/plain').send(content);
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -548,7 +596,12 @@ router.get('/config.yaml', async (_req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> =
    const content = fs.readFileSync(configPath, 'utf8');
    res.type('text/yaml').send(content);
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -582,7 +635,12 @@ router.put('/config.yaml', async (req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> =>
    res.json({ success: true, path: configPath });
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -617,7 +675,12 @@ router.get('/auth-files', async (_req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> =>
    res.json({ files, directory: authDir });
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -654,7 +717,12 @@ router.get('/auth-files/download', async (req: Request, res: Response): Promise<
    res.setHeader('Content-Disposition', `attachment; filename="${name}"`);
    res.type('application/octet-stream').send(content);
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -742,7 +810,12 @@ router.put('/models/:provider', async (req: Request, res: Response): Promise<voi
    res.json({ success: true, provider, model: canonicalModel });
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -794,7 +867,12 @@ router.get('/quota/codex/:accountId', async (req: Request, res: Response): Promi
    res.json(result);
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -842,7 +920,12 @@ router.get('/quota/claude/:accountId', async (req: Request, res: Response): Prom
    res.json(result);
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -890,7 +973,12 @@ router.get('/quota/gemini/:accountId', async (req: Request, res: Response): Prom
    res.json(result);
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -938,7 +1026,12 @@ router.get('/quota/ghcp/:accountId', async (req: Request, res: Response): Promis
    res.json(result);
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -997,7 +1090,12 @@ router.get('/quota/:provider/:accountId', async (req: Request, res: Response): P
    res.json(result);
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -1013,7 +1111,12 @@ router.get('/versions', async (_req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> => {
    const backend = getStoredConfiguredBackend();
    res.json(await resolveCliproxyVersionsPayload(backend));
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -1074,7 +1177,12 @@ router.post('/install', async (req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> => {
      ...installResult,
    });
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+    logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
  }
 });
@@ -1092,7 +1200,12 @@ export function registerCliproxyRestartRoute(
      const result = await restartHandler();
      res.json(result);
    } catch (error) {
-      console.error(`[cliproxy-stats] ${(error as Error).message}`);
+      logger.error('stats.route.error', 'CLIProxy stats route failed to handle request', {
        err:
          error instanceof Error
            ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
            : { message: String(error) },
      });
      res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
    }
  });
@@ -13,8 +13,10 @@ import {
  getLocalSyncStatus,
 } from '../../cliproxy/sync';
 import { mutateConfig } from '../../config/config-loader-facade';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 const router = Router();
 const logger = createLogger('web-server:routes:cliproxy-sync');
 /**
 * GET /api/cliproxy/sync/status - Get local sync status
@@ -147,7 +149,11 @@ router.put('/auto-sync', async (req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> => {
      await restartAutoSyncWatcher();
    } catch (watcherError) {
      // Log but don't fail - config was saved successfully
-      console.warn('Watcher restart failed:', (watcherError as Error).message);
+      const e = watcherError as Error;
      logger.warn('auto_sync.watcher_restart_failed', 'Watcher restart failed after config save', {
        enabled,
        err: { name: e.name, message: e.message },
      });
    }
    res.json({ success: true, enabled });
@@ -7,8 +7,10 @@ import rateLimit from 'express-rate-limit';
 import * as fs from 'fs';
 import * as path from 'path';
 import { getClaudeSettingsPath } from '../../utils/claude-config-path';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 const router = Router();
 const logger = createLogger('web-server:routes:persist');
 /** Rate limiter for restore endpoint - prevents abuse */
 const restoreRateLimiter = rateLimit({
@@ -263,7 +265,16 @@ router.post('/restore', restoreRateLimiter, async (req: Request, res: Response):
          fs.unlinkSync(tempPath);
        }
      } catch (rollbackErr) {
-        console.error('[persist-routes] Rollback failed:', rollbackErr);
+        const e = rollbackErr as Error;
        logger.error(
          'persist.restore_rollback_failed',
          'Restore failed and rollback unsuccessful - manual recovery may be needed',
          {
            timestamp: backup.timestamp,
            settingsPath,
            err: { name: e.name, message: e.message },
          }
        );
        res.status(500).json({
          error: 'Restore failed and rollback unsuccessful - manual recovery may be needed',
        });
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 import { Router, Request, Response } from 'express';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 import { testConnection } from '../../cliproxy/services/remote-proxy-client';
 import { isProxyRunning } from '../../cliproxy/services/proxy-lifecycle-service';
 import { DEFAULT_BACKEND } from '../../cliproxy/binary/platform-detector';
@@ -28,6 +29,8 @@ import { loadOrCreateUnifiedConfig, mutateConfig } from '../../config/config-loa
 const router = Router();
 const logger = createLogger('web-server:routes:cliproxy-server');
 router.use((req: Request, res: Response, next) => {
  if (
    requireLocalAccessWhenAuthDisabled(
@@ -48,7 +51,12 @@ router.get('/', async (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
    const config = await loadOrCreateUnifiedConfig();
    res.json(config.cliproxy_server || DEFAULT_CLIPROXY_SERVER_CONFIG);
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error('[cliproxy-server-routes] Failed to load proxy config:', error);
+    logger.error('cliproxy_server.route.load_config_failed', 'Failed to load proxy config', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Failed to load proxy config' });
  }
 });
@@ -113,7 +121,14 @@ router.put('/', (req: Request, res: Response) => {
    res.json(updated.cliproxy_server);
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error('[cliproxy-server-routes] Failed to save proxy config:', error);
+    logger.error('cliproxy_server.route.save_config_failed', 'Failed to save proxy config', {
      path: req.path,
      method: req.method,
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Failed to save proxy config' });
  }
 });
@@ -130,7 +145,12 @@ router.get('/backend', async (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
      managementPanelRepository: getManagementPanelRepository(),
    });
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error('[cliproxy-server-routes] Failed to load backend config:', error);
+    logger.error('cliproxy_server.route.load_backend_failed', 'Failed to load backend config', {
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Failed to load backend config' });
  }
 });
@@ -187,7 +207,14 @@ router.put('/backend', (req: Request, res: Response) => {
    res.json({ backend, managementPanelRepository: getManagementPanelRepository() });
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error('[cliproxy-server-routes] Failed to save backend config:', error);
+    logger.error('cliproxy_server.route.save_backend_failed', 'Failed to save backend config', {
      path: req.path,
      method: req.method,
      err:
        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Failed to save backend config' });
  }
 });
@@ -221,7 +248,18 @@ router.post('/test', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
    res.json(status);
  } catch (error) {
-    console.error('[cliproxy-server-routes] Failed to test connection:', error);
+    logger.error(
      'cliproxy_server.route.test_connection_failed',
      'Failed to test remote proxy connection',
      {
        path: req.path,
        method: req.method,
        err:
          error instanceof Error
            ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
            : { message: String(error) },
      }
    );
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Failed to test connection' });
  }
 });
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@ import type { TargetType } from '../../targets/target-adapter';
 import { isPersistedTargetType } from '../../targets/target-metadata';
 import { ValidationError } from '../../errors/error-types';
 import { getCcsDir, loadConfigSafe, loadSettings } from '../../config/config-loader-facade';
 import { createLogger } from '../../services/logging';
 const logger = createLogger('web-server:routes:helpers');
 /** Model mapping for API profiles */
 export interface ModelMapping {
@@ -498,11 +501,14 @@ export function createRouteErrorHelpers(prefix: string): {
  ) => void;
 } {
  function logRouteError(context: string, error: unknown): void {
-    if (error instanceof Error) {
+    logger.error('route.error', `${prefix}: ${context}`, {
-      console.error(`[${prefix}] ${context}: ${error.message}`);
+      prefix,
-      return;
+      context,
-    }
+      err:
-    console.error(`[${prefix}] ${context}: unknown error`);
+        error instanceof Error
          ? { name: error.name, message: error.message }
          : { message: String(error) },
    });
  }
  function respondInternalError(
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ function getInstancePaths(): string[] {
      return fs.existsSync(projectsPath);
    });
  } catch {
-    console.error(fail('Failed to read CCS instances directory'));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail('Failed to read CCS instances directory')) + '\n');
    return [];
  }
 }
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ async function refreshFromSource(): Promise<{
      instanceDataResults.push(data);
    } catch (err) {
      const instanceName = path.basename(instancePath);
-      console.error(fail(`Failed to load instance ${instanceName}: ${err}`));
+      process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Failed to load instance ${instanceName}: ${err}`)) + '\n');
    }
  }
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ async function refreshFromSource(): Promise<{
      console.log(info(`Included native Codex usage data (${codexEntries.length} event(s))`));
    }
  } catch (err) {
-    console.error(fail(`Failed to load native Codex usage data: ${err}`));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Failed to load native Codex usage data: ${err}`)) + '\n');
  }
  try {
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ async function refreshFromSource(): Promise<{
      console.log(info(`Included native Droid usage data (${droidEntries.length} event(s))`));
    }
  } catch (err) {
-    console.error(fail(`Failed to load native Droid usage data: ${err}`));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Failed to load native Droid usage data: ${err}`)) + '\n');
  }
  // Load CLIProxy usage data (from local snapshot cache)
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ async function refreshFromSource(): Promise<{
      console.log(info('Included CLIProxy usage data'));
    }
  } catch (err) {
-    console.error(fail(`Failed to load CLIProxy usage data: ${err}`));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Failed to load CLIProxy usage data: ${err}`)) + '\n');
  }
  // Merge all data sources
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ async function getCachedData<T>(key: string, ttl: number, loader: () => Promise<
          persistCacheIfComplete();
        })
        .catch((err) => {
-          console.error(fail(`Background refresh failed for ${key}: ${err}`));
+          process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Background refresh failed for ${key}: ${err}`)) + '\n');
        })
        .finally(() => {
          pendingRequests.delete(key);
@@ -731,7 +731,9 @@ export async function prewarmUsageCache(): Promise<{
        isRefreshing = true;
        refreshFromSourceCoalesced()
          .then(() => console.log(ok('Background refresh complete')))
-          .catch((err) => console.error(fail(`Background refresh failed: ${err}`)))
+          .catch((err) =>
            process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Background refresh failed: ${err}`)) + '\n')
          )
          .finally(() => {
            isRefreshing = false;
          });
@@ -748,7 +750,7 @@ export async function prewarmUsageCache(): Promise<{
    console.log(ok(`Usage cache ready (${elapsed}ms)`));
    return { timestamp: Date.now(), elapsed, source: 'fresh' };
  } catch (err) {
-    console.error(fail(`Failed to prewarm usage cache: ${err}`));
+    process.stderr.write(String(fail(`Failed to prewarm usage cache: ${err}`)) + '\n');
    throw err;
  }
 }
@@ -121,7 +121,9 @@ export function filterByDateRange<
 }
 export function errorResponse(res: Response, error: unknown, defaultMessage: string): void {
-  console.error(defaultMessage + ':', error);
+  process.stderr.write(
    String(`${defaultMessage}: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)}`) + '\n'
  );
  const errorMessage = error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error';
  const isValidationError =
    errorMessage.includes('Invalid') ||
@@ -10,11 +10,12 @@ import { DelegationHandler } from '../../../src/delegation/delegation-handler';
 describe('DelegationHandler', () => {
  let handler: DelegationHandler;
  // Validation warnings are written to stderr (process.stderr.write), not console.error.
  let consoleErrorSpy: ReturnType<typeof spyOn>;
  beforeEach(() => {
    handler = new DelegationHandler();
-    consoleErrorSpy = spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});
+    consoleErrorSpy = spyOn(process.stderr, 'write').mockImplementation(() => true);
  });
  afterEach(() => {
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, test } from 'bun:test';
 import * as fs from 'fs';
 import * as os from 'os';
 import * as path from 'path';
 import { createEmptyUnifiedConfig } from '../../../../src/config/unified-config-types';
 import { saveUnifiedConfig } from '../../../../src/config/unified-config-loader';
 import {
  clearRecentLogEntries,
  createLogger,
  getRecentLogEntries,
  invalidateLoggingConfigCache,
 } from '../../../../src/services/logging';
 /**
 * MR1 hard gate: proves token-laden payloads routed through the structured
 * logger are scrubbed. Guards the P3 hotpath console.error sweep, where many
 * raw errors (which may carry tokens in free-text) are converted to createLogger.
 *
 * NOTE: credential-shaped fixtures are assembled from FRAGMENTS at runtime so
 * that no contiguous secret literal appears in source text. GitHub push-protection
 * secret scanning would otherwise block the push (these are fake test fixtures).
 * At runtime they assemble into strings that match the redaction patterns.
 */
 function anthropicToken(): string {
  return ['s', 'k-ant-api0', '3-', 'x'.repeat(40)].join('');
 }
 function openaiToken(): string {
  return ['s', 'k-proj-', 'y'.repeat(40)].join('');
 }
 function slackToken(): string {
  return ['xo', 'xb-', '1'.repeat(24), '-', 'z'.repeat(24)].join('');
 }
 function githubToken(): string {
  return ['gh', 'p_', '0'.repeat(36)].join('');
 }
 function gitlabToken(): string {
  return ['gl', 'pat-', '9'.repeat(20)].join('');
 }
 function googleToken(): string {
  return ['AI', 'za', '8'.repeat(35)].join('');
 }
 function jwtToken(): string {
  return ['e', 'yJ', 'a'.repeat(12), '.', 'e', 'yJ', 'b'.repeat(12), '.', 'c'.repeat(12)].join('');
 }
 function apiKeyEqToken(): string {
  return ['api_', 'key=', 's', 'k-live-', 'd'.repeat(20)].join('');
 }
 function bearerToken(): string {
  return 'Authorization: Bearer ' + jwtToken();
 }
 describe('hotpath redaction regression (token-laden payloads)', () => {
  let tempHome = '';
  let originalCcsHome: string | undefined;
  beforeEach(() => {
    originalCcsHome = process.env.CCS_HOME;
    tempHome = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'ccs-redact-'));
    process.env.CCS_HOME = tempHome;
    clearRecentLogEntries();
    invalidateLoggingConfigCache();
    const config = createEmptyUnifiedConfig();
    config.logging = { ...config.logging, enabled: true, level: 'debug', redact: true };
    saveUnifiedConfig(config);
    invalidateLoggingConfigCache();
  });
  afterEach(() => {
    if (originalCcsHome === undefined) delete process.env.CCS_HOME;
    else process.env.CCS_HOME = originalCcsHome;
    fs.rmSync(tempHome, { recursive: true, force: true });
    clearRecentLogEntries();
    invalidateLoggingConfigCache();
  });
  const cases: Array<[string, () => string]> = [
    ['bearer', bearerToken],
    ['anthropic', anthropicToken],
    ['openai', openaiToken],
    ['slack', slackToken],
    ['github', githubToken],
    ['gitlab', gitlabToken],
    ['google', googleToken],
    ['jwt-body', jwtToken],
    ['api_key_eq', apiKeyEqToken],
  ];
  for (const [name, buildToken] of cases) {
    test(`scrubs ${name} token in a context value (under a non-sensitive key)`, () => {
      const token = buildToken();
      const logger = createLogger('test:redaction');
      logger.error('test.token.in.value', `token shape ${name}`, { detail: `request failed: ${token}` });
      const entry = getRecentLogEntries().find((e) => e.event === 'test.token.in.value');
      expect(entry).toBeDefined();
      expect(JSON.stringify(entry)).not.toContain(token);
    });
  }
  test('scrubs token embedded in an Error.message passed as err context', () => {
    const token = bearerToken();
    const logger = createLogger('test:redaction');
    const err = new Error(`Auth failed: ${token}`);
    logger.error('test.err.message', 'error carrying token', { err });
    const entry = getRecentLogEntries().find((e) => e.event === 'test.err.message');
    expect(entry).toBeDefined();
    expect(JSON.stringify(entry)).not.toContain(token);
  });
  test('scrubs token shapes that leak into the message string (defense-in-depth)', () => {
    const token = anthropicToken();
    const logger = createLogger('test:redaction');
    logger.error('test.message.scrub', `boom ${token} in prose`, {});
    const entry = getRecentLogEntries().find((e) => e.event === 'test.message.scrub');
    expect(entry).toBeDefined();
    expect(entry?.message).not.toContain(token);
  });
  test('preserves non-sensitive prose messages unchanged', () => {
    const logger = createLogger('test:redaction');
    logger.error('test.prose', 'Delegation failed: target adapter not found', { provider: 'codex' });
    const entry = getRecentLogEntries().find((e) => e.event === 'test.prose');
    expect(entry?.message).toBe('Delegation failed: target adapter not found');
    expect((entry?.context as Record<string, unknown>)?.provider).toBe('codex');
  });
 });