refactor(scheduler): extract cron scheduling logic to shared helper

Extract the shouldRunNow() method from ScheduledJobManager and ServerManagerJob into
a reusable shouldRunCronNow() helper function. This centralizes cron scheduling logic
and enables consistent deduplication behavior across all scheduled job types.

- Create shouldRunCronNow() helper in bootstrap/helpers/shared.php with timezone
  and dedup support
- Refactor ScheduledJobManager and ServerManagerJob to use the shared helper
- Add ScheduledJobDiagnostics command for inspecting cache state and scheduling
  decisions across all scheduled jobs
- Simplify shouldRunNow tests to directly test the helper function
- Add DockerCleanupJob test for error handling and execution tracking
- Increase scheduled log retention from 1 to 7 days

tests/Feature/DockerCleanupJobTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?php
+
+use App\Jobs\DockerCleanupJob;
+use App\Models\DockerCleanupExecution;
+use App\Models\Server;
+use App\Models\User;
+use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
+
+uses(RefreshDatabase::class);
+
+it('creates a failed execution record when server is not functional', function () {
+    $user = User::factory()->create();
+    $team = $user->teams()->first();
+    $server = Server::factory()->create(['team_id' => $team->id]);
+
+    // Make server not functional by setting is_reachable to false
+    $server->settings->update(['is_reachable' => false]);
+
+    $job = new DockerCleanupJob($server);
+    $job->handle();
+
+    $execution = DockerCleanupExecution::where('server_id', $server->id)->first();
+
+    expect($execution)->not->toBeNull()
+        ->and($execution->status)->toBe('failed')
+        ->and($execution->message)->toContain('not functional')
+        ->and($execution->finished_at)->not->toBeNull();
+});
+
+it('creates a failed execution record when server is force disabled', function () {
+    $user = User::factory()->create();
+    $team = $user->teams()->first();
+    $server = Server::factory()->create(['team_id' => $team->id]);
+
+    // Make server not functional by force disabling
+    $server->settings->update([
+        'is_reachable' => true,
+        'is_usable' => true,
+        'force_disabled' => true,
+    ]);
+
+    $job = new DockerCleanupJob($server);
+    $job->handle();
+
+    $execution = DockerCleanupExecution::where('server_id', $server->id)->first();
+
+    expect($execution)->not->toBeNull()
+        ->and($execution->status)->toBe('failed')
+        ->and($execution->message)->toContain('not functional');
+});

tests/Feature/ScheduledJobManagerShouldRunNowTest.php

@@ -1,271 +1,168 @@
 <?php
 
-use App\Jobs\ScheduledJobManager;
 use Illuminate\Support\Carbon;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cache;
 
 beforeEach(function () {
-    // Clear any dedup keys
     Cache::flush();
 });
 
 it('dispatches backup when job runs on time at the cron minute', function () {
-    // Freeze time at exactly 02:00 — daily cron "0 2 * * *" is due
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 2, 0, 0, 'UTC'));
 
-    $job = new ScheduledJobManager;
-
-    // Use reflection to test shouldRunNow
-    $reflection = new ReflectionClass($job);
-
-    $executionTimeProp = $reflection->getProperty('executionTime');
-    $executionTimeProp->setAccessible(true);
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
-
-    $method = $reflection->getMethod('shouldRunNow');
-    $method->setAccessible(true);
-
-    $result = $method->invoke($job, '0 2 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:1');
+    $result = shouldRunCronNow('0 2 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:1');
 
     expect($result)->toBeTrue();
 });
 
 it('catches delayed job when cache has a baseline from previous run', function () {
-    // Simulate a previous dispatch yesterday at 02:00
     Cache::put('test-backup:1', Carbon::create(2026, 2, 27, 2, 0, 0, 'UTC')->toIso8601String(), 86400);
 
-    // Freeze time at 02:07 — job was delayed 7 minutes past today's 02:00 cron
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 2, 7, 0, 'UTC'));
 
-    $job = new ScheduledJobManager;
-
-    $reflection = new ReflectionClass($job);
-
-    $executionTimeProp = $reflection->getProperty('executionTime');
-    $executionTimeProp->setAccessible(true);
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
-
-    $method = $reflection->getMethod('shouldRunNow');
-    $method->setAccessible(true);
-
     // isDue() would return false at 02:07, but getPreviousRunDate() = 02:00 today
     // lastDispatched = 02:00 yesterday → 02:00 today > yesterday → fires
-    $result = $method->invoke($job, '0 2 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:1');
+    $result = shouldRunCronNow('0 2 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:1');
 
     expect($result)->toBeTrue();
 });
 
 it('does not double-dispatch on subsequent runs within same cron window', function () {
-    // First run at 02:00 — dispatches and sets cache
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 2, 0, 0, 'UTC'));
 
-    $job = new ScheduledJobManager;
-    $reflection = new ReflectionClass($job);
-
-    $executionTimeProp = $reflection->getProperty('executionTime');
-    $executionTimeProp->setAccessible(true);
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
-
-    $method = $reflection->getMethod('shouldRunNow');
-    $method->setAccessible(true);
-
-    $first = $method->invoke($job, '0 2 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:2');
+    $first = shouldRunCronNow('0 2 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:2');
     expect($first)->toBeTrue();
 
     // Second run at 02:01 — should NOT dispatch (previousDue=02:00, lastDispatched=02:00)
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 2, 1, 0, 'UTC'));
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
 
-    $second = $method->invoke($job, '0 2 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:2');
+    $second = shouldRunCronNow('0 2 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:2');
     expect($second)->toBeFalse();
 });
 
 it('fires every_minute cron correctly on consecutive minutes', function () {
-    $job = new ScheduledJobManager;
-    $reflection = new ReflectionClass($job);
-
-    $executionTimeProp = $reflection->getProperty('executionTime');
-    $executionTimeProp->setAccessible(true);
-
-    $method = $reflection->getMethod('shouldRunNow');
-    $method->setAccessible(true);
-
     // Minute 1
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 10, 0, 0, 'UTC'));
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
-    $result1 = $method->invoke($job, '* * * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:3');
-    expect($result1)->toBeTrue();
+    expect(shouldRunCronNow('* * * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:3'))->toBeTrue();
 
     // Minute 2
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 10, 1, 0, 'UTC'));
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
-    $result2 = $method->invoke($job, '* * * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:3');
-    expect($result2)->toBeTrue();
+    expect(shouldRunCronNow('* * * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:3'))->toBeTrue();
 
     // Minute 3
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 10, 2, 0, 'UTC'));
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
-    $result3 = $method->invoke($job, '* * * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:3');
-    expect($result3)->toBeTrue();
+    expect(shouldRunCronNow('* * * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:3'))->toBeTrue();
 });
 
 it('does not fire non-due jobs on restart when cache is empty', function () {
     // Time is 10:00, cron is daily at 02:00 — NOT due right now
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 10, 0, 0, 'UTC'));
 
-    $job = new ScheduledJobManager;
-    $reflection = new ReflectionClass($job);
-
-    $executionTimeProp = $reflection->getProperty('executionTime');
-    $executionTimeProp->setAccessible(true);
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
-
-    $method = $reflection->getMethod('shouldRunNow');
-    $method->setAccessible(true);
-
-    // Cache is empty (fresh restart) — should NOT fire daily backup at 10:00
-    $result = $method->invoke($job, '0 2 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:4');
+    $result = shouldRunCronNow('0 2 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:4');
     expect($result)->toBeFalse();
 });
 
 it('fires due jobs on restart when cache is empty', function () {
-    // Time is exactly 02:00, cron is daily at 02:00 — IS due right now
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 2, 0, 0, 'UTC'));
 
-    $job = new ScheduledJobManager;
-    $reflection = new ReflectionClass($job);
-
-    $executionTimeProp = $reflection->getProperty('executionTime');
-    $executionTimeProp->setAccessible(true);
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
-
-    $method = $reflection->getMethod('shouldRunNow');
-    $method->setAccessible(true);
-
-    // Cache is empty (fresh restart) — but cron IS due → should fire
-    $result = $method->invoke($job, '0 2 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:4b');
+    $result = shouldRunCronNow('0 2 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:4b');
     expect($result)->toBeTrue();
 });
 
 it('does not dispatch when cron is not due and was not recently due', function () {
-    // Time is 10:00, cron is daily at 02:00 — last due was 8 hours ago
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 10, 0, 0, 'UTC'));
 
-    $job = new ScheduledJobManager;
-    $reflection = new ReflectionClass($job);
-
-    $executionTimeProp = $reflection->getProperty('executionTime');
-    $executionTimeProp->setAccessible(true);
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
-
-    $method = $reflection->getMethod('shouldRunNow');
-    $method->setAccessible(true);
-
-    // previousDue = 02:00, but lastDispatched was set at 02:00 (simulate)
     Cache::put('test-backup:5', Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 2, 0, 0, 'UTC')->toIso8601String(), 86400);
 
-    $result = $method->invoke($job, '0 2 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:5');
+    $result = shouldRunCronNow('0 2 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:5');
     expect($result)->toBeFalse();
 });
 
 it('falls back to isDue when no dedup key is provided', function () {
-    // Time is exactly 02:00, cron is "0 2 * * *" — should be due
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 2, 0, 0, 'UTC'));
+    expect(shouldRunCronNow('0 2 * * *', 'UTC'))->toBeTrue();
 
-    $job = new ScheduledJobManager;
-    $reflection = new ReflectionClass($job);
-
-    $executionTimeProp = $reflection->getProperty('executionTime');
-    $executionTimeProp->setAccessible(true);
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
-
-    $method = $reflection->getMethod('shouldRunNow');
-    $method->setAccessible(true);
-
-    // No dedup key → simple isDue check
-    $result = $method->invoke($job, '0 2 * * *', 'UTC');
-    expect($result)->toBeTrue();
-
-    // At 02:01 without dedup key → isDue returns false
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 2, 1, 0, 'UTC'));
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
-
-    $result2 = $method->invoke($job, '0 2 * * *', 'UTC');
-    expect($result2)->toBeFalse();
+    expect(shouldRunCronNow('0 2 * * *', 'UTC'))->toBeFalse();
 });
 
 it('catches delayed docker cleanup when job runs past the cron minute', function () {
-    // Simulate a previous dispatch at :10
     Cache::put('docker-cleanup:42', Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 10, 10, 0, 'UTC')->toIso8601String(), 86400);
 
-    // Freeze time at :22 — job was delayed 2 minutes past the :20 cron window
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 10, 22, 0, 'UTC'));
 
-    $job = new ScheduledJobManager;
-    $reflection = new ReflectionClass($job);
-
-    $executionTimeProp = $reflection->getProperty('executionTime');
-    $executionTimeProp->setAccessible(true);
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
-
-    $method = $reflection->getMethod('shouldRunNow');
-    $method->setAccessible(true);
-
     // isDue() would return false at :22, but getPreviousRunDate() = :20
     // lastDispatched = :10 → :20 > :10 → fires
-    $result = $method->invoke($job, '*/10 * * * *', 'UTC', 'docker-cleanup:42');
+    $result = shouldRunCronNow('*/10 * * * *', 'UTC', 'docker-cleanup:42');
 
     expect($result)->toBeTrue();
 });
 
 it('does not double-dispatch docker cleanup within same cron window', function () {
-    // First dispatch at :10
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 10, 10, 0, 'UTC'));
 
-    $job = new ScheduledJobManager;
-    $reflection = new ReflectionClass($job);
-
-    $executionTimeProp = $reflection->getProperty('executionTime');
-    $executionTimeProp->setAccessible(true);
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
-
-    $method = $reflection->getMethod('shouldRunNow');
-    $method->setAccessible(true);
-
-    $first = $method->invoke($job, '*/10 * * * *', 'UTC', 'docker-cleanup:99');
+    $first = shouldRunCronNow('*/10 * * * *', 'UTC', 'docker-cleanup:99');
     expect($first)->toBeTrue();
 
-    // Second run at :11 — should NOT dispatch (previousDue=:10, lastDispatched=:10)
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 10, 11, 0, 'UTC'));
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
 
-    $second = $method->invoke($job, '*/10 * * * *', 'UTC', 'docker-cleanup:99');
+    $second = shouldRunCronNow('*/10 * * * *', 'UTC', 'docker-cleanup:99');
     expect($second)->toBeFalse();
 });
 
+it('seeds cache with previousDue when not due on first run', function () {
+    Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 10, 0, 0, 'UTC'));
+
+    $result = shouldRunCronNow('0 2 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-seed:1');
+    expect($result)->toBeFalse();
+
+    // Verify cache was seeded with previousDue (02:00 today)
+    $cached = Cache::get('test-seed:1');
+    expect($cached)->not->toBeNull();
+    expect(Carbon::parse($cached)->format('H:i'))->toBe('02:00');
+});
+
+it('catches next occurrence after cache was seeded on non-due first run', function () {
+    // Step 1: 10:00 — not due, but seeds cache with previousDue (02:00 today)
+    Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 10, 0, 0, 'UTC'));
+    expect(shouldRunCronNow('0 2 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-seed:2'))->toBeFalse();
+
+    // Step 2: Next day at 02:03 — delayed 3 minutes past cron.
+    // previousDue = 02:00 Mar 1, lastDispatched = 02:00 Feb 28 → fires
+    Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 3, 1, 2, 3, 0, 'UTC'));
+    expect(shouldRunCronNow('0 2 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-seed:2'))->toBeTrue();
+});
+
+it('cache survives 29 days with static 30-day TTL', function () {
+    Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 2, 0, 0, 'UTC'));
+
+    shouldRunCronNow('0 2 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-ttl:static');
+    expect(Cache::get('test-ttl:static'))->not->toBeNull();
+
+    // 29 days later — cache (30-day TTL) should still exist
+    Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 3, 29, 0, 0, 0, 'UTC'));
+    expect(Cache::get('test-ttl:static'))->not->toBeNull();
+});
+
 it('respects server timezone for cron evaluation', function () {
     // UTC time is 22:00 Feb 28, which is 06:00 Mar 1 in Asia/Singapore (+8)
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 22, 0, 0, 'UTC'));
 
-    $job = new ScheduledJobManager;
-    $reflection = new ReflectionClass($job);
-
-    $executionTimeProp = $reflection->getProperty('executionTime');
-    $executionTimeProp->setAccessible(true);
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
-
-    $method = $reflection->getMethod('shouldRunNow');
-    $method->setAccessible(true);
-
-    // Simulate that today's 06:00 UTC run was already dispatched (at 06:00 UTC)
     Cache::put('test-backup:7', Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 6, 0, 0, 'UTC')->toIso8601String(), 86400);
 
-    // Cron "0 6 * * *" in Asia/Singapore: local time is 06:00 Mar 1 → previousDue = 06:00 Mar 1 SGT
-    // That's a NEW cron window (Mar 1) that hasn't been dispatched → should fire
-    $resultSingapore = $method->invoke($job, '0 6 * * *', 'Asia/Singapore', 'test-backup:6');
-    expect($resultSingapore)->toBeTrue();
+    // Cron "0 6 * * *" in Asia/Singapore: local time is 06:00 Mar 1 → new window → should fire
+    expect(shouldRunCronNow('0 6 * * *', 'Asia/Singapore', 'test-backup:6'))->toBeTrue();
 
-    // Cron "0 6 * * *" in UTC: previousDue = 06:00 Feb 28 UTC, already dispatched at 06:00 → should NOT fire
-    $resultUtc = $method->invoke($job, '0 6 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:7');
-    expect($resultUtc)->toBeFalse();
+    // Cron "0 6 * * *" in UTC: previousDue = 06:00 Feb 28, already dispatched → should NOT fire
+    expect(shouldRunCronNow('0 6 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-backup:7'))->toBeFalse();
+});
+
+it('passes explicit execution time instead of using Carbon::now()', function () {
+    // Real "now" is irrelevant — we pass an explicit execution time
+    Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 15, 0, 0, 'UTC'));
+
+    $executionTime = Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 2, 0, 0, 'UTC');
+    $result = shouldRunCronNow('0 2 * * *', 'UTC', 'test-exec-time:1', $executionTime);
+
+    expect($result)->toBeTrue();
 });

tests/Feature/ServerManagerJobShouldRunNowTest.php

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 <?php
 
-use App\Jobs\ServerManagerJob;
 use Illuminate\Support\Carbon;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cache;
 
@@ -9,94 +8,81 @@ beforeEach(function () {
 });
 
 it('catches delayed sentinel restart when job runs past midnight', function () {
-    // Simulate previous dispatch yesterday at midnight
     Cache::put('sentinel-restart:1', Carbon::create(2026, 2, 27, 0, 0, 0, 'UTC')->toIso8601String(), 86400);
 
     // Job runs 3 minutes late at 00:03
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 0, 3, 0, 'UTC'));
 
-    $job = new ServerManagerJob;
-    $reflection = new ReflectionClass($job);
-
-    $executionTimeProp = $reflection->getProperty('executionTime');
-    $executionTimeProp->setAccessible(true);
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
-
-    $method = $reflection->getMethod('shouldRunNow');
-    $method->setAccessible(true);
-
     // isDue() would return false at 00:03, but getPreviousRunDate() = 00:00 today
     // lastDispatched = yesterday 00:00 → today 00:00 > yesterday → fires
-    $result = $method->invoke($job, '0 0 * * *', 'UTC', 'sentinel-restart:1');
+    $result = shouldRunCronNow('0 0 * * *', 'UTC', 'sentinel-restart:1');
 
     expect($result)->toBeTrue();
 });
 
 it('catches delayed weekly patch check when job runs past the cron minute', function () {
-    // Simulate previous dispatch last Sunday at midnight
     Cache::put('server-patch-check:1', Carbon::create(2026, 2, 22, 0, 0, 0, 'UTC')->toIso8601String(), 86400);
 
-    // This Sunday at 00:02 — job was delayed 2 minutes
-    // 2026-03-01 is a Sunday
+    // This Sunday at 00:02 — job was delayed 2 minutes (2026-03-01 is a Sunday)
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 3, 1, 0, 2, 0, 'UTC'));
 
-    $job = new ServerManagerJob;
-    $reflection = new ReflectionClass($job);
-
-    $executionTimeProp = $reflection->getProperty('executionTime');
-    $executionTimeProp->setAccessible(true);
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
-
-    $method = $reflection->getMethod('shouldRunNow');
-    $method->setAccessible(true);
-
-    $result = $method->invoke($job, '0 0 * * 0', 'UTC', 'server-patch-check:1');
+    $result = shouldRunCronNow('0 0 * * 0', 'UTC', 'server-patch-check:1');
 
     expect($result)->toBeTrue();
 });
 
 it('catches delayed storage check when job runs past the cron minute', function () {
-    // Simulate previous dispatch yesterday at 23:00
     Cache::put('server-storage-check:5', Carbon::create(2026, 2, 27, 23, 0, 0, 'UTC')->toIso8601String(), 86400);
 
-    // Today at 23:04 — job was delayed 4 minutes
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 23, 4, 0, 'UTC'));
 
-    $job = new ServerManagerJob;
-    $reflection = new ReflectionClass($job);
-
-    $executionTimeProp = $reflection->getProperty('executionTime');
-    $executionTimeProp->setAccessible(true);
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
-
-    $method = $reflection->getMethod('shouldRunNow');
-    $method->setAccessible(true);
-
-    $result = $method->invoke($job, '0 23 * * *', 'UTC', 'server-storage-check:5');
+    $result = shouldRunCronNow('0 23 * * *', 'UTC', 'server-storage-check:5');
 
     expect($result)->toBeTrue();
 });
 
+it('seeds cache on non-due first run so weekly catch-up works', function () {
+    // Wednesday at 10:00 — weekly cron (Sunday 00:00) is not due
+    Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 25, 10, 0, 0, 'UTC'));
+
+    $result = shouldRunCronNow('0 0 * * 0', 'UTC', 'server-patch-check:seed-test');
+    expect($result)->toBeFalse();
+
+    // Verify cache was seeded
+    expect(Cache::get('server-patch-check:seed-test'))->not->toBeNull();
+
+    // Next Sunday at 00:02 — delayed 2 minutes past cron
+    // Catch-up: previousDue = Mar 1 00:00, lastDispatched = Feb 22 → fires
+    Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 3, 1, 0, 2, 0, 'UTC'));
+
+    $result2 = shouldRunCronNow('0 0 * * 0', 'UTC', 'server-patch-check:seed-test');
+    expect($result2)->toBeTrue();
+});
+
+it('daily cron fires after cache seed even when delayed past the minute', function () {
+    // Step 1: 15:00 — not due for midnight cron, but seeds cache
+    Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 15, 0, 0, 'UTC'));
+
+    $result1 = shouldRunCronNow('0 0 * * *', 'UTC', 'sentinel-restart:seed-test');
+    expect($result1)->toBeFalse();
+
+    // Step 2: Next day at 00:05 — delayed 5 minutes past midnight
+    // Catch-up: previousDue = Mar 1 00:00, lastDispatched = Feb 28 00:00 → fires
+    Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 3, 1, 0, 5, 0, 'UTC'));
+
+    $result2 = shouldRunCronNow('0 0 * * *', 'UTC', 'sentinel-restart:seed-test');
+    expect($result2)->toBeTrue();
+});
+
 it('does not double-dispatch within same cron window', function () {
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 0, 0, 0, 'UTC'));
 
-    $job = new ServerManagerJob;
-    $reflection = new ReflectionClass($job);
-
-    $executionTimeProp = $reflection->getProperty('executionTime');
-    $executionTimeProp->setAccessible(true);
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
-
-    $method = $reflection->getMethod('shouldRunNow');
-    $method->setAccessible(true);
-
-    $first = $method->invoke($job, '0 0 * * *', 'UTC', 'sentinel-restart:10');
+    $first = shouldRunCronNow('0 0 * * *', 'UTC', 'sentinel-restart:10');
     expect($first)->toBeTrue();
 
     // Next minute — should NOT dispatch again
     Carbon::setTestNow(Carbon::create(2026, 2, 28, 0, 1, 0, 'UTC'));
-    $executionTimeProp->setValue($job, Carbon::now());
 
-    $second = $method->invoke($job, '0 0 * * *', 'UTC', 'sentinel-restart:10');
+    $second = shouldRunCronNow('0 0 * * *', 'UTC', 'sentinel-restart:10');
     expect($second)->toBeFalse();
 });