feat: translage to traditional Chinese (zh-tw) (#3324)

* 修改完成

* Add Singleton pattern example
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---
title: Actor Model
shortTitle: Actor Model
category: Concurrency
language: zh-TW
tag:
- Performance
---
## 亦稱為
- 訊息傳遞並行 (Message-passing concurrency)
- 基於 Actor 的並行 (Actor-based concurrency)
---
## Actor Model 模式的意圖
Actor Model 模式利用隔離的元件 (actor),透過非同步訊息傳遞進行互動,來建構高並行、分散式和容錯的系統。
---
## Actor Model 模式的詳細解釋與真實世界範例
### 📦 現實世界範例
想像一個客戶服務系統:
- 每一位 **客戶支援專員** 都是一個**actor**.
- 客戶 **傳送問題 (訊息) ** 給專員。
- 每位專員一次處理一個請求,並且能夠 **非同步地回覆** 而不會干擾到其他專員。
---
### 🧠 白話解釋
> 「Actors 就像是獨立的工人,從不共享記憶體,只透過訊息來溝通。」
---
### 📖 維基百科說
> [Actor model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor_model) 是一種並行運算的數學模型,將「actor」視為並行運算的普世基本元素。
---
### 🧹 架構圖
![UML Class Diagram](./etc/Actor_Model_UML_Class_Diagram.png)
---
## Java 的 Actor Model 模式程式範例
### Actor.java
```java
public abstract class Actor implements Runnable {
@Setter @Getter private String actorId;
private final BlockingQueue<Message> mailbox = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
private volatile boolean active = true;
public void send(Message message) {
mailbox.add(message);
}
public void stop() {
active = false;
}
@Override
public void run() {
}
protected abstract void onReceive(Message message);
}
```
### Message.java
```java
@AllArgsConstructor
@Getter
@Setter
public class Message {
private final String content;
private final String senderId;
}
```
### ActorSystem.java
```java
public class ActorSystem {
public void startActor(Actor actor) {
String actorId = "actor-" + idCounter.incrementAndGet(); // Generate a new and unique ID
actor.setActorId(actorId); // assign the actor it's ID
actorRegister.put(actorId, actor); // Register and save the actor with it's ID
executor.submit(actor); // Run the actor in a thread
}
public Actor getActorById(String actorId) {
return actorRegister.get(actorId); // Find by Id
}
public void shutdown() {
executor.shutdownNow(); // Stop all threads
}
}
```
### App.java
```java
public class App {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ActorSystem system = new ActorSystem();
Actor srijan = new ExampleActor(system);
Actor ansh = new ExampleActor2(system);
system.startActor(srijan);
system.startActor(ansh);
ansh.send(new Message("Hello ansh", srijan.getActorId()));
srijan.send(new Message("Hello srijan!", ansh.getActorId()));
Thread.sleep(1000); // Give time for messages to process
srijan.stop(); // Stop the actor gracefully
ansh.stop();
system.shutdown(); // Stop the actor system
}
}
```
---
## 何時在 Java 中使用 Actor Model 模式
- 建立 **並行或分散式系統**時
- 您希望 **沒有共享的可變狀態**時
- 你需要 **非同步、訊息驅動的通訊**時
- 元件應 **隔離且鬆散耦合**
---
## Actor Model 模式的 Java 教學
- [Baeldung – Akka with Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-akka)
- [Vaughn Vernon – Reactive Messaging Patterns](https://vaughnvernon.co/?p=1143)
---
## Actor Model 模式的真實世界應用
- [Akka 框架](https://akka.io/)
- [Erlang and Elixir concurrency](https://www.erlang.org/)
- [Microsoft Orleans](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/orleans/)
- J基於 JVM 的遊戲引擎和模擬器。
---
## Actor Model 模式的優點與權衡
### ✅ 優點
- 支援高並行性。
- 易於跨執行緒或機器進行擴展。
- 容錯隔離與恢復。
- 保證 Actor 內部的訊息順序。
### ⚠️ 權衡
- 由於非同步行為,偵錯更困難。
- 由於訊息佇列,會有輕微的效能開銷。
- 設計上比簡單的方法呼叫更複雜。
---
## 相關的 Java 設計模式
- [Command Pattern](../command)
- [Mediator Pattern](../mediator)
- [Event-Driven Architecture](../event-driven-architecture)
- [Observer Pattern](../observer)
---
## 參考資料與致謝
- *Programming Erlang*, Joe Armstrong
- *Reactive Design Patterns*, Roland Kuhn
- *The Actor Model in 10 Minutes*, [InfoQ Article](https://www.infoq.com/articles/actor-model/)
- [Akka Documentation](https://doc.akka.io/docs/akka/current/index.html)
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@startuml actor-model
title Actor Model - UML Class Diagram
class ActorSystem {
+actorOf(actor: Actor): Actor
+shutdown(): void
}
class Actor {
-mailbox: BlockingQueue<Message>
-active: boolean
+send(message: Message): void
+stop(): void
+run(): void
#onReceive(message: Message): void
}
class ExampleActor {
+onReceive(message: Message): void
}
class Message {
-content: String
-sender: Actor
+getContent(): String
+getSender(): Actor
}
ActorSystem --> Actor : creates
Actor <|-- ExampleActor : extends
Actor --> Message : processes
ExampleActor --> Message : uses
@enduml