diff --git a/src/app/api/debug/city-coverage/route.js b/src/app/api/debug/city-coverage/route.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0de1be6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/api/debug/city-coverage/route.js
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+import { NextResponse } from 'next/server';
+import { CITY_BOUNDARIES } from '../../../../data/boundaries/index.js';
+import { PANO_INDEXES } from '../../../../data/panos/index.js';
+
+// Serves a city's outline and its panorama locations for the coverage debug
+// page. Points come back for the requested viewport only: Ha Noi holds 225,985
+// of them, which is 13.8MB of JSON and far more than a map can draw, so the
+// whole index is never sent at once.
+const DEFAULT_LIMIT = 12000;
+const MAX_LIMIT = 40000;
+
+/**
+ * Take an evenly spaced sample without clustering it in one corner.
+ * @param {Object[]} items Source list, spatially sorted by the build.
+ * @param {number} limit Maximum to return.
+ * @returns {Object[]} Sampled list.
+ */
+function sampleEvenly(items, limit) {
+  if (items.length <= limit) return items;
+  // A fixed stride over the list rather than a random draw: the index is sorted
+  // by latitude, so every stride covers the whole city.
+  const stride = items.length / limit;
+  const out = [];
+  for (let i = 0; out.length < limit && Math.floor(i) < items.length; i += stride) {
+    out.push(items[Math.floor(i)]);
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+export async function GET(request) {
+  const { searchParams } = new URL(request.url);
+  const code = (searchParams.get('city') || '').toUpperCase();
+
+  const boundary = CITY_BOUNDARIES[code];
+  const index = PANO_INDEXES[code];
+  if (!boundary || !index) {
+    return NextResponse.json(
+      {
+        success: false,
+        error: `Unknown city: ${code || '(none)'}`,
+        available: Object.keys(PANO_INDEXES),
+      },
+      { status: 400 }
+    );
+  }
+
+  const limit = Math.min(
+    MAX_LIMIT,
+    Math.max(1, Number(searchParams.get('limit')) || DEFAULT_LIMIT)
+  );
+
+  // bbox is west,south,east,north, matching the order the rest of the app uses.
+  const bboxParam = searchParams.get('bbox');
+  let inView = index.panos;
+  if (bboxParam) {
+    const [west, south, east, north] = bboxParam.split(',').map(Number);
+    if ([west, south, east, north].every(Number.isFinite)) {
+      inView = index.panos.filter(
+        (p) => p.lat >= south && p.lat <= north && p.lng >= west && p.lng <= east
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  const panos = sampleEvenly(inView, limit);
+
+  return NextResponse.json({
+    success: true,
+    city: { code, name: index.name, center: index.center, bbox: index.bbox },
+    // Only the first request for a city carries the outline. Returning it with
+    // every viewport query gave the client a new object each time, which made
+    // the map refit to the city and cancel whatever the user had zoomed into.
+    boundary: bboxParam ? undefined : boundary,
+    counts: {
+      total: index.panos.length,
+      inView: inView.length,
+      shown: panos.length,
+      // True when the viewport holds more points than were sent, so the page
+      // can say the dots are a sample rather than the whole picture.
+      sampled: panos.length < inView.length,
+    },
+    generatedAt: index.generatedAt,
+    panos,
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/app/api/debug/pano/route.js b/src/app/api/debug/pano/route.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8587230
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/api/debug/pano/route.js
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import { NextResponse } from 'next/server';
+import { fetchPanoramaById } from '../../../../lib/mapillary.js';
+
+// Resolves a panorama id to a displayable image for the coverage debug page.
+// The index only stores ids and coordinates, and thumbnail URLs are signed and
+// short-lived, so they have to be fetched when a point is actually opened.
+export async function GET(request) {
+  const { searchParams } = new URL(request.url);
+  const id = searchParams.get('id');
+
+  if (!id || !/^\d+$/.test(id)) {
+    return NextResponse.json(
+      { success: false, error: 'A numeric image id is required' },
+      { status: 400 }
+    );
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return NextResponse.json({ success: true, pano: await fetchPanoramaById(id) });
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error(`Debug panorama lookup failed for ${id}:`, error);
+    return NextResponse.json({ success: false, error: error.message }, { status: 502 });
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/app/debug/coverage/CoverageMap.js b/src/app/debug/coverage/CoverageMap.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee23384
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/debug/coverage/CoverageMap.js
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+"use client";
+
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react';
+import L from 'leaflet';
+import 'leaflet/dist/leaflet.css';
+
+// Panorama dots are drawn on a canvas layer, not as DOM markers. Twelve
+// thousand DOM elements would stall the browser; a canvas renderer draws the
+// same points in one pass.
+const DOT_RADIUS = 2.5;
+// Panning fires moveend continuously. Waiting for the map to settle turns a
+// drag into one request instead of a dozen.
+const MOVE_DEBOUNCE_MS = 250;
+// How near a click has to land to count as picking a panorama. Selection is
+// resolved against the point list rather than through per-marker click
+// handlers: canvas hit-testing did not fire for these markers, and requiring a
+// pixel-perfect hit on a 2.5px dot would be miserable to use anyway.
+const CLICK_TOLERANCE_PX = 14;
+
+export default function CoverageMap({
+  boundary,
+  panos,
+  selectedId,
+  onSelectPano,
+  onBoundsChange,
+}) {
+  const containerRef = useRef(null);
+  const mapRef = useRef(null);
+  const rendererRef = useRef(null);
+  const boundaryLayerRef = useRef(null);
+  const dotsLayerRef = useRef(null);
+  const highlightRef = useRef(null);
+  const panosRef = useRef(panos);
+  const onBoundsChangeRef = useRef(onBoundsChange);
+  const onSelectPanoRef = useRef(onSelectPano);
+
+  panosRef.current = panos;
+  onBoundsChangeRef.current = onBoundsChange;
+  onSelectPanoRef.current = onSelectPano;
+
+  // Create the map once. Data arrives through the effects below.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!containerRef.current || mapRef.current) return;
+
+    const map = L.map(containerRef.current, { preferCanvas: true });
+    L.tileLayer('https://{s}.tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png', {
+      maxZoom: 19,
+      attribution: '© OpenStreetMap contributors',
+    }).addTo(map);
+    map.setView([16.0, 107.0], 6);
+
+    // One renderer for the life of the map. Creating it per data refresh leaked
+    // a canvas each time, because removing the markers leaves their renderer
+    // attached to the map.
+    rendererRef.current = L.canvas({ padding: 0.2 }).addTo(map);
+
+    let moveTimer = null;
+    const report = () => {
+      clearTimeout(moveTimer);
+      moveTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+        const b = map.getBounds();
+        onBoundsChangeRef.current?.([b.getWest(), b.getSouth(), b.getEast(), b.getNorth()]);
+      }, MOVE_DEBOUNCE_MS);
+    };
+    map.on('moveend', report);
+
+    const pick = (event) => {
+      const points = panosRef.current;
+      if (!points?.length || !onSelectPanoRef.current) return;
+
+      // Compare in screen space so the tolerance means the same thing at every
+      // zoom level.
+      const clicked = event.containerPoint;
+      let best = null;
+      let bestDistance = Infinity;
+      for (const point of points) {
+        const at = map.latLngToContainerPoint([point.lat, point.lng]);
+        const distance = clicked.distanceTo(at);
+        if (distance < bestDistance) {
+          bestDistance = distance;
+          best = point;
+        }
+      }
+      if (best && bestDistance <= CLICK_TOLERANCE_PX) onSelectPanoRef.current(best);
+    };
+    map.on('click', pick);
+
+    mapRef.current = map;
+
+    return () => {
+      clearTimeout(moveTimer);
+      map.off('moveend', report);
+      map.off('click', pick);
+      map.remove();
+      mapRef.current = null;
+      rendererRef.current = null;
+      highlightRef.current = null;
+    };
+  }, []);
+
+  // Draw the city outline and frame it whenever the city changes.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const map = mapRef.current;
+    if (!map || !boundary) return;
+
+    boundaryLayerRef.current?.remove();
+    const layer = L.geoJSON(boundary, {
+      style: {
+        color: '#da251d',
+        weight: 2,
+        fillOpacity: 0.04,
+        dashArray: '6 4',
+        // The outline must not swallow clicks meant for the points beneath it.
+        interactive: false,
+      },
+    }).addTo(map);
+    boundaryLayerRef.current = layer;
+
+    map.fitBounds(layer.getBounds(), { padding: [24, 24] });
+  }, [boundary]);
+
+  // Replace the dots wholesale: the point set changes completely as the
+  // viewport moves, so there is nothing worth diffing.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const map = mapRef.current;
+    const renderer = rendererRef.current;
+    if (!map || !renderer) return;
+
+    dotsLayerRef.current?.remove();
+    if (!panos?.length) {
+      dotsLayerRef.current = null;
+      return;
+    }
+
+    dotsLayerRef.current = L.layerGroup(
+      panos.map((p) =>
+        L.circleMarker([p.lat, p.lng], {
+          renderer,
+          radius: DOT_RADIUS,
+          stroke: false,
+          fillColor: '#2563eb',
+          fillOpacity: 0.65,
+          interactive: false,
+        })
+      )
+    ).addTo(map);
+  }, [panos]);
+
+  // The selected point gets its own marker rather than a restyled dot: the dots
+  // are replaced on every viewport change, and a highlight tied to one of them
+  // would vanish the moment the map moved.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const map = mapRef.current;
+    if (!map) return;
+
+    highlightRef.current?.remove();
+    highlightRef.current = null;
+
+    const selected = panos?.find((p) => p.id === selectedId);
+    if (!selected) return;
+
+    highlightRef.current = L.circleMarker([selected.lat, selected.lng], {
+      radius: 9,
+      weight: 3,
+      color: '#da251d',
+      fillColor: '#da251d',
+      fillOpacity: 0.25,
+      interactive: false,
+    }).addTo(map);
+  }, [selectedId, panos]);
+
+  return <div ref={containerRef} className="h-full w-full rounded-lg bg-muted" />;
+}
diff --git a/src/app/debug/coverage/page.js b/src/app/debug/coverage/page.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfcfba1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/debug/coverage/page.js
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+"use client";
+
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
+import Link from 'next/link';
+import dynamic from 'next/dynamic';
+import { ArrowLeft, X } from 'lucide-react';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge';
+import PanoramaViewer from '../../components/PanoramaViewer';
+import { cities } from '../../../lib/game';
+
+const CoverageMap = dynamic(() => import('./CoverageMap'), {
+  ssr: false,
+  loading: () => (
+    <div
+      role="status"
+      aria-live="polite"
+      className="flex h-full w-full items-center justify-center rounded-lg bg-muted text-muted-foreground"
+    >
+      Loading map...
+    </div>
+  ),
+});
+
+export default function CoveragePage() {
+  const [city, setCity] = useState(cities[0]?.code ?? 'TPHCM');
+  // The outline is held apart from the dots and replaced only when the city
+  // changes. Storing it with each response gave it a new identity on every
+  // pan, and the map treated that as a new city and refit itself, so no zoom
+  // ever survived and each refit triggered another fetch.
+  const [boundary, setBoundary] = useState(null);
+  const [panos, setPanos] = useState(null);
+  const [counts, setCounts] = useState(null);
+  const [generatedAt, setGeneratedAt] = useState(null);
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
+  const [error, setError] = useState(null);
+
+  // The point the user clicked, and the image it resolves to. Thumbnail URLs
+  // are signed and short-lived, so the index stores ids only and the picture is
+  // fetched when a point is actually opened.
+  const [selected, setSelected] = useState(null);
+  const [pano, setPano] = useState(null);
+  const [panoError, setPanoError] = useState(null);
+  const [panoLoading, setPanoLoading] = useState(false);
+  const panoRequestRef = useRef(0);
+
+  // Only the newest response may update the view: panning fires requests faster
+  // than they come back, and an older one landing last would redraw stale dots.
+  const requestIdRef = useRef(0);
+
+  const load = useCallback(async (cityCode, viewport) => {
+    const requestId = ++requestIdRef.current;
+    setLoading(true);
+    setError(null);
+
+    try {
+      const params = new URLSearchParams({ city: cityCode });
+      if (viewport) params.set('bbox', viewport.join(','));
+      const response = await fetch(`/api/debug/city-coverage?${params}`);
+      const json = await response.json();
+      if (requestId !== requestIdRef.current) return;
+
+      if (!json.success) {
+        setError(json.error || 'Request failed');
+        setPanos(null);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // Present only on the first request for a city.
+      if (json.boundary) setBoundary(json.boundary);
+      setPanos(json.panos);
+      setCounts(json.counts);
+      setGeneratedAt(json.generatedAt);
+    } catch (fetchError) {
+      if (requestId === requestIdRef.current) setError(String(fetchError.message));
+    } finally {
+      if (requestId === requestIdRef.current) setLoading(false);
+    }
+  }, []);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setBoundary(null);
+    setPanos(null);
+    setSelected(null);
+    setPano(null);
+    load(city, null);
+  }, [city, load]);
+
+  const handleSelectPano = useCallback(async (point) => {
+    const requestId = ++panoRequestRef.current;
+    setSelected(point);
+    setPano(null);
+    setPanoError(null);
+    setPanoLoading(true);
+
+    try {
+      const response = await fetch(`/api/debug/pano?id=${encodeURIComponent(point.id)}`);
+      const json = await response.json();
+      if (requestId !== panoRequestRef.current) return;
+      if (json.success) setPano(json.pano);
+      else setPanoError(json.error || 'Lookup failed');
+    } catch (fetchError) {
+      if (requestId === panoRequestRef.current) setPanoError(String(fetchError.message));
+    } finally {
+      if (requestId === panoRequestRef.current) setPanoLoading(false);
+    }
+  }, []);
+
+  const closePano = useCallback(() => {
+    // Bump the request id so a lookup still in flight cannot reopen the panel.
+    panoRequestRef.current++;
+    setSelected(null);
+    setPano(null);
+    setPanoError(null);
+    setPanoLoading(false);
+  }, []);
+
+  const handleBoundsChange = useCallback(
+    (nextBbox) => {
+      load(city, nextBbox);
+    },
+    [city, load]
+  );
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex h-dvh flex-col vn-gradient-bg">
+      <header className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-3 border-b border-border bg-card px-4 py-3">
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-3">
+          <Button asChild variant="ghost" size="sm" aria-label="Back to debug tools">
+            <Link href="/debug">
+              <ArrowLeft className="size-4" aria-hidden="true" />
+              <span className="hidden sm:inline">Debug</span>
+            </Link>
+          </Button>
+          <h1 className="text-lg font-bold text-foreground">Panorama coverage</h1>
+        </div>
+
+        <div role="group" aria-label="City" className="flex flex-wrap gap-1">
+          {cities.map((option) => (
+            <Button
+              key={option.code}
+              onClick={() => setCity(option.code)}
+              variant={city === option.code ? 'default' : 'outline'}
+              size="sm"
+              aria-pressed={city === option.code}
+            >
+              {option.name}
+            </Button>
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      </header>
+
+      <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 border-b border-border bg-card/60 px-4 py-2 text-sm">
+        {error && (
+          <span role="alert" className="font-medium text-destructive">
+            {error}
+          </span>
+        )}
+        {counts && (
+          <>
+            <Badge variant="secondary" className="tabular-nums">
+              {counts.total.toLocaleString()} in city
+            </Badge>
+            <Badge variant="secondary" className="tabular-nums">
+              {counts.inView.toLocaleString()} in view
+            </Badge>
+            <Badge variant="brand" className="tabular-nums">
+              {counts.shown.toLocaleString()} drawn
+            </Badge>
+            {counts.sampled && (
+              <span className="text-muted-foreground">
+                sampled evenly — zoom in to see every panorama
+              </span>
+            )}
+          </>
+        )}
+        {generatedAt && (
+          <span className="ml-auto text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+            snapshot {new Date(generatedAt).toISOString().slice(0, 10)}
+          </span>
+        )}
+        {loading && <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">loading…</span>}
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="grid min-h-0 flex-1 gap-3 p-3 lg:grid-cols-2">
+        <div className="min-h-[40dvh] lg:min-h-0">
+          <CoverageMap
+            boundary={boundary}
+            panos={panos}
+            selectedId={selected?.id}
+            onSelectPano={handleSelectPano}
+            onBoundsChange={handleBoundsChange}
+          />
+        </div>
+
+        {selected && (
+          <div className="flex min-h-[40dvh] flex-col overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-border bg-card lg:min-h-0">
+            <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 border-b border-border px-3 py-2">
+              <div className="min-w-0">
+                <p className="truncate text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">{selected.id}</p>
+                <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground tabular-nums">
+                  {selected.lat.toFixed(5)}, {selected.lng.toFixed(5)}
+                </p>
+              </div>
+              <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1">
+                <Button asChild variant="ghost" size="sm">
+                  <a
+                    href={`https://www.mapillary.com/app/?pKey=${selected.id}&focus=photo`}
+                    target="_blank"
+                    rel="noreferrer noopener"
+                  >
+                    Mapillary
+                  </a>
+                </Button>
+                <Button
+                  onClick={closePano}
+                  variant="ghost"
+                  size="icon"
+                  aria-label="Close panorama"
+                >
+                  <X className="size-4" aria-hidden="true" />
+                </Button>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 bg-neutral-900">
+              {panoError ? (
+                <div role="alert" className="flex h-full items-center justify-center p-4 text-center text-sm text-destructive">
+                  {panoError}
+                </div>
+              ) : pano ? (
+                <PanoramaViewer key={pano.id} imageUrl={pano.url} />
+              ) : (
+                <div
+                  role="status"
+                  aria-live="polite"
+                  className="flex h-full items-center justify-center text-sm text-neutral-300"
+                >
+                  {panoLoading ? 'Loading panorama…' : 'Select a point'}
+                </div>
+              )}
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/app/debug/page.js b/src/app/debug/page.js
index 0182577..efa339c 100644
--- a/src/app/debug/page.js
+++ b/src/app/debug/page.js
@@ -163,6 +163,12 @@ export default function DebugPage() {
             <div>
               <h1 className="text-3xl font-bold text-white">Debug Tool</h1>
               <p className="text-white/80">Bbox Visualization & Mapillary Testing</p>
+              <Link
+                href="/debug/coverage"
+                className="mt-2 inline-block text-sm font-semibold text-white underline underline-offset-4 hover:opacity-80"
+              >
+                Panorama coverage map →
+              </Link>
             </div>
             <Button asChild>
               <Link href="/">Back to Home</Link>
diff --git a/src/lib/mapillary.js b/src/lib/mapillary.js
index 9358bba..4ea78c3 100644
--- a/src/lib/mapillary.js
+++ b/src/lib/mapillary.js
@@ -20,6 +20,18 @@ const FIELDS = 'id,thumb_2048_url,thumb_original_url,geometry,is_pano';
 const MAX_ATTEMPTS = 3;
 const REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 10000;
 
+/**
+ * Read the access token, failing loudly when it is absent.
+ * @returns {string} The token.
+ */
+function requireAccessToken() {
+  const accessToken = process.env.MAPILLARY_ACCESS_TOKEN;
+  if (!accessToken) {
+    throw new Error('MAPILLARY_ACCESS_TOKEN environment variable is not set');
+  }
+  return accessToken;
+}
+
 /**
  * Look up one image by id.
  * @param {string} imageId Mapillary image id.
@@ -42,16 +54,34 @@ async function fetchImage(imageId, accessToken) {
   return await response.json();
 }
 
+/**
+ * Resolve one panorama id to something the viewer can display.
+ * @param {string} imageId Mapillary image id.
+ * @returns {Promise<{id: string, url: string, isPano: boolean, lat: number, lng: number}>}
+ */
+export async function fetchPanoramaById(imageId) {
+  const image = await fetchImage(imageId, requireAccessToken());
+  // The original is often 4-8 MP; the 2048px derivative is the one the viewer
+  // should load on a phone.
+  const url = image.thumb_2048_url || image.thumb_original_url;
+  if (!url) throw new Error('image has no usable thumbnail');
+
+  return {
+    id: String(image.id),
+    url,
+    isPano: image.is_pano ?? true,
+    lat: image.geometry?.coordinates?.[1] ?? null,
+    lng: image.geometry?.coordinates?.[0] ?? null,
+  };
+}
+
 /**
  * Choose a panorama for a city and resolve it to a usable image.
  * @param {string} cityCode City code, e.g. 'TPHCM'.
  * @returns {Promise<{success: boolean, data?: Object, error?: string}>}
  */
 export async function fetchCityPanorama(cityCode) {
-  const accessToken = process.env.MAPILLARY_ACCESS_TOKEN;
-  if (!accessToken) {
-    throw new Error('MAPILLARY_ACCESS_TOKEN environment variable is not set');
-  }
+  requireAccessToken();
 
   const tried = new Set();
   let lastError = null;
@@ -61,21 +91,14 @@ export async function fetchCityPanorama(cityCode) {
     tried.add(candidate.id);
 
     try {
-      const image = await fetchImage(candidate.id, accessToken);
-      // The original is often 4-8 MP; the 2048px derivative is the one the
-      // viewer should load on a phone.
-      const url = image.thumb_2048_url || image.thumb_original_url;
-      if (!url) throw new Error('image has no usable thumbnail');
-
+      const image = await fetchPanoramaById(candidate.id);
       return {
         success: true,
         data: {
-          id: String(image.id),
-          url,
-          isPano: image.is_pano ?? true,
-          // Trust the API's coordinates over the index's copy.
-          lat: image.geometry?.coordinates?.[1] ?? candidate.lat,
-          lng: image.geometry?.coordinates?.[0] ?? candidate.lng,
+          ...image,
+          // Trust the API's coordinates, falling back to the index's copy.
+          lat: image.lat ?? candidate.lat,
+          lng: image.lng ?? candidate.lng,
         },
       };
     } catch (error) {