diff --git a/hotswap/src/main/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/agent/HotSwapAgent.java b/hotswap/src/main/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/agent/HotSwapAgent.java
index 91ee5e10..90e3ed3b 100644
--- a/hotswap/src/main/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/agent/HotSwapAgent.java
+++ b/hotswap/src/main/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/agent/HotSwapAgent.java
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ import java.lang.instrument.ClassDefinition;
 import java.lang.instrument.Instrumentation;
 
 /**
- * 使用 Instrumentation，开发者可以构建一个独立于应用程序的代理程序（Agent），用来监测和协助运行在 JVM 上的程序，
- * 甚至能够替换和修改某些类的定义。有了这样的功能，开发者就可以实现更为灵活的运行时虚拟机监控和 Java 类操作了，
- * 这样的特性实际上提供了一种虚拟机级别支持的 AOP 实现方式，使得开发者无需对 JDK 做任何升级和改动，就可以实现某些 AOP 的功能了。
+ * Using Instrumentation, developers can build an agent program independent of the application to monitor and assist programs running on the JVM,
+ * and even replace or modify class definitions. This enables flexible runtime JVM monitoring and Java class manipulation,
+ * effectively providing a JVM-level AOP mechanism without any JDK changes or upgrades.
  *
  * @author godotg
  */
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ public class HotSwapAgent {
 
 
     /*
-     Java SE6开始，提供了在应用程序的VM启动后在动态添加代理的方式，即agentmain方式。 与Permain类似，agent方式同样需要提供一个agent jar，并且这个jar需要满足：
-     在manifest中指定Agent-Class属性，值为代理类全路径
-     代理类需要提供public static void agentmain(String args, Instrumentation inst)或public static void agentmain(String args)方法。并且再二者同时存在时以前者优先。args和inst和premain中的一致。
-     不过如此设计的再运行时进行代理有个问题——如何在应用程序启动之后再开启代理程序呢？ JDK6中提供了Java Tools API，其中Attach API可以满足这个需求。
-     Attach API中的VirtualMachine代表一个运行中的VM。其提供了loadAgent()方法，可以在运行时动态加载一个代理jar。
+     Since Java SE 6, agents can be attached dynamically after the JVM starts via the agentmain method. Like premain, it requires an agent JAR that satisfies:
+     - Manifest must specify the Agent-Class attribute with the fully-qualified agent class name
+     - The agent class must provide agentmain(String args, Instrumentation inst) or agentmain(String args); the former takes priority if both exist. args and inst are the same as in premain.
+     However, this raises a question: how to attach an agent after the application has started? JDK6's Java Tools API provides the Attach API to solve this.
+     VirtualMachine in the Attach API represents a running JVM and provides loadAgent() to dynamically load an agent JAR at runtime.
      */
     public static void agentmain(String args, Instrumentation inst) {
         Class<?> clazz = null;
@@ -40,16 +40,16 @@ public class HotSwapAgent {
             int len = dis.readInt();
             ClassDefinition[] classDefs = new ClassDefinition[len];
             for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-                //类名
+                // Class name
                 String className = dis.readUTF();
-                //类字节码
+                // Class bytecode
                 byte[] classBytes = new byte[dis.readInt()];
                 dis.readFully(classBytes);
                 classDefs[i] = new ClassDefinition(Class.forName(className), classBytes);
             }
-            //开始更新
+            // Start update
             inst.redefineClasses(classDefs);
-            //更新成功
+            // Update successful
         } catch (Exception e) {
             if (clazz != null) {
                 try {
diff --git a/hotswap/src/main/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/service/HotSwapServiceMBean.java b/hotswap/src/main/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/service/HotSwapServiceMBean.java
index 2491b36d..1c2b0977 100644
--- a/hotswap/src/main/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/service/HotSwapServiceMBean.java
+++ b/hotswap/src/main/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/service/HotSwapServiceMBean.java
@@ -24,17 +24,17 @@ import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 
-//java11过后ClassFile对外不可见
+// After Java 11, ClassFile is no longer publicly visible
 //import com.sun.tools.classfile.ClassFile;
 
 /**
- * JMX（JAVA Management Extensions）技术是java5的新特性，它提供一种简单，标准的方式去管理应用程序，设备，服务等资源。
- * JMS定义了一些设计模式，api和一些服务来进行应用程序和网络的监控，这些都是基于java语言环境的。
- * 使用JMS技术，资源被一种叫做MBeans（Managed Beans）监控，这些MBean都在一个核心对象管理server上注册。
- * JMS给java开发者提供了自由的方式去监控java代码，创建智能java agents,实现分布式管理的中间件和管理者，并且能够快速整合这些方案到的管理和监控系统。
+ * JMX (Java Management Extensions) is a Java 5 feature providing a simple, standard way to manage applications, devices, and services.
+ * JMX defines design patterns, APIs, and services for monitoring applications and networks within the Java environment.
+ * With JMX, resources are managed by MBeans (Managed Beans) registered with a central MBean server.
+ * JMX gives Java developers a flexible way to monitor Java code, create intelligent agents, build distributed management middleware, and integrate into management/monitoring systems.
  * <p>
- * 根据JMX描述，MBean接口包括一些可读或者可写的属性，还有一些定义好的方法，这些方法能够被MBean管理应用程序调用。
- * 实现类，类名必须为接口sufixMBean的前缀。也就是Hello。如果不按这个命名注册MBean就会有问题。
+ * Per the JMX spec, an MBean interface exposes readable/writable attributes and defined methods callable by management applications.
+ * Implementation class name must be the interface name without the 'MBean' suffix (e.g., 'Hello' for 'HelloMBean'). Non-compliance causes registration errors.
  *
  * @author godotg
  */
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ public class HotSwapServiceMBean implements IHotSwapServiceMBean {
 
     private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HotSwapServiceMBean.class);
 
-    // 热更新的代理和热更新的文件要放在同一个目录
+    // The hot-swap agent and hot-swap files must be in the same directory
     private static final String HOT_SWAP_SCRIPT = "hotscript";
     private static final String HOT_SWAP_AGENT = HOT_SWAP_SCRIPT + "/hotswap-2.0.jar";
 
@@ -57,15 +57,15 @@ public class HotSwapServiceMBean implements IHotSwapServiceMBean {
         registerMBean();
     }
 
-    // 使用jconsole去连接，当然也可以使用RMI进行远程连接MBean server，来进行管理和执行操作。
+    // Connect via jconsole or remotely via RMI to the MBean server for management
     private void registerMBean() {
-        //注册监控
+        // Register monitoring
         try {
-            //获取MBeanServer  如果没有MBean server存在那么下面会自动调用ManagementFactory.createMBeanServer()
+            // Get MBeanServer; if none exists, ManagementFactory.createMBeanServer() is called automatically
             MBeanServer mbs = ManagementFactory.getPlatformMBeanServer();
-            // 包名加 类名 创建一个ObjectName
+            // Create ObjectName from package + class name
             ObjectName objectName = new ObjectName(this.getClass().getPackage().getName() + ":type=" + this.getClass().getSimpleName());
-            // 在MBean server上注册MBean
+            // Register MBean with the MBean server
             mbs.registerMBean(this, objectName);
         } catch (Exception e) {
             logger.error("MBean error", e);
@@ -83,11 +83,11 @@ public class HotSwapServiceMBean implements IHotSwapServiceMBean {
 
     @Override
     public synchronized void hotSwapByAbsolutePath(String absolutePath) {
-        // 热更新class文件，上一步没有完成的操作本次继续执行
+        // Hot-swap class files; continue any operations not completed in the previous pass
         try {
             hotSwapClass(absolutePath);
         } catch (Exception e) {
-            logger.error("热更新class文件异常：[exception:{}]", e);
+            logger.error("Hot-swap class file error: [exception:{}]", e);
         }
     }
 
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ public class HotSwapServiceMBean implements IHotSwapServiceMBean {
     public void logAllUpdateClassFileInfo() {
         int count = 0;
         for (Map.Entry<String, ClassFileDef> entry : HotSwapManager.getInstance().getClassFileDefMap().entrySet()) {
-            logger.info("[{}].更新的类名称:[{}]，更改的时间:[{}]", ++count, entry.getKey(), entry.getValue().getLastModifyTime());
+            logger.info("[{}]. Updated class: [{}], modified time: [{}]", ++count, entry.getKey(), entry.getValue().getLastModifyTime());
         }
     }
 
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ public class HotSwapServiceMBean implements IHotSwapServiceMBean {
         ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
         DataOutputStream dos = null;
         try {
-            // 本次需要更新的Class
+            // Classes to update in this pass
             Map<String, ClassFileDef> updateClassMap = new HashMap<>();
             List<File> fileList = FileUtils.getAllReadableFiles(new File(absolutePath));
             for (File file : fileList) {
@@ -122,60 +122,60 @@ public class HotSwapServiceMBean implements IHotSwapServiceMBean {
             }
 
             if (updateClassMap.isEmpty()) {
-                logger.debug("本次更新没有如何文件");
+                logger.debug("No files to update in this pass");
                 return;
             }
 
-            // 验证本次更新的所有class文件是否合法
+            // Validate all class files to be updated in this pass
             Map<String, ClassFileDef> classFileDefMap = HotSwapContext.getHotSwapManager().getClassFileDefMap();
-            for (Map.Entry<String, ClassFileDef> entry : updateClassMap.entrySet()) {// 读取所有本次需要热更新的字节码
+            for (Map.Entry<String, ClassFileDef> entry : updateClassMap.entrySet()) {// Read all bytecode to be hot-swapped in this pass
                 ClassFileDef classFileDef = entry.getValue();
-                // 上一次热更新的文件
+                // Files from the previous hot-swap
                 ClassFileDef lastClassFileDef = classFileDefMap.get(classFileDef.getClassName());
                 if (lastClassFileDef != null && !classFileDef.getClassName().equals(lastClassFileDef.getClassName())) {
-                    logger.error("本次热更新失败，两次热更新文件的类名称不一致，转换失败:[{}]-->[{}]"
+                    logger.error("Hot-swap failed: class names inconsistent between passes [{}]-->[{}]"
                             , classFileDef.getClassName(), lastClassFileDef.getClassName());
                     return;
                 }
             }
 
 
-            // 创建临时更新流
+            // Create temporary update stream
             baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream(1024);
             dos = new DataOutputStream(baos);
-            // 先写需要热更新类的数量
+            // Write the number of classes to hot-swap first
             dos.writeInt(updateClassMap.size());
             for (ClassFileDef classFileDef : updateClassMap.values()) {
-                dos.writeUTF(classFileDef.getClassName());// 写类名称
-                dos.writeInt(classFileDef.getData().length);// 字节码的长度
-                dos.write(classFileDef.getData());// 字节码
+                dos.writeUTF(classFileDef.getClassName()); // Write class name
+                dos.writeInt(classFileDef.getData().length); // Write bytecode length
+                dos.write(classFileDef.getData()); // Write bytecode
             }
             dos.flush();
-            //设置状态，准备更新
+            // Set state to ready for update
             HotSwapManager.updateBytes = baos.toByteArray();
             HotSwapManager.exception = null;
 
-            //更新
+            // Apply update
             loadHotSwapAgent();
 
             if (HotSwapManager.exception != null) {
                 for (ClassFileDef classFileDef : updateClassMap.values()) {
-                    logger.error("类[{}]热更新失败", classFileDef.getClassName());
+                    logger.error("Hot-swap failed for class [{}]", classFileDef.getClassName());
                 }
-                logger.error("热更新失败原因：", HotSwapManager.exception);
+                logger.error("Hot-swap failed: ", HotSwapManager.exception);
                 return;
             }
 
             for (ClassFileDef classFileDef : updateClassMap.values()) {
-                logger.info("类[{}]热更新成功", classFileDef.getClassName());
+                logger.info("Hot-swap successful for class [{}]", classFileDef.getClassName());
             }
             long end = TimeUtils.currentTimeMillis();
-            logger.info("本次热更新总耗时:[{}]毫秒", end - start);
+            logger.info("Hot-swap total time: [{}]ms", end - start);
 
-            // 更新成功，保存更新记录
+            // Update successful; save update record
             classFileDefMap.putAll(updateClassMap);
 
-            // 删除所有被更新过的java和class文件
+            // Delete all updated .java and .class files
             for (ClassFileDef def : updateClassMap.values()) {
                 FileUtils.deleteFile(new File(def.getPath()));
             }
@@ -187,13 +187,13 @@ public class HotSwapServiceMBean implements IHotSwapServiceMBean {
     private void loadHotSwapAgent() throws Exception {
         VirtualMachine vm = null;
         try {
-            // 获取运行当前这个类的jvm的pid
+            // Get the PID of the JVM running this class
             String pid = ManagementFactory.getRuntimeMXBean().getName().split("@")[0];
-            // attach到这个pid建立通信管道，让jvm加载agent
+            // Attach to the PID to establish a communication pipe and load the agent
             vm = VirtualMachine.attach(pid);
             vm.loadAgent(HOT_SWAP_AGENT);
         } catch (AgentInitializationException | AgentLoadException | AttachNotSupportedException | IOException e) {
-            logger.error("热更新开启VirtualMachine失败", e);
+            logger.error("Hot-swap: failed to attach VirtualMachine", e);
             throw e;
         } finally {
             try {
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ public class HotSwapServiceMBean implements IHotSwapServiceMBean {
                     vm.detach();
                 }
             } catch (IOException e) {
-                logger.error("热更新关闭vm失败", e);
+                logger.error("Hot-swap: failed to detach VM", e);
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/hotswap/src/main/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/service/IHotSwapServiceMBean.java b/hotswap/src/main/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/service/IHotSwapServiceMBean.java
index 03996681..8b80b286 100644
--- a/hotswap/src/main/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/service/IHotSwapServiceMBean.java
+++ b/hotswap/src/main/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/service/IHotSwapServiceMBean.java
@@ -9,16 +9,16 @@ import javax.management.MXBean;
 public interface IHotSwapServiceMBean {
 
     /**
-     * 热更新相对于项目路径的文件
+     * Hot-swap a file specified as a path relative to the project root
      *
-     * @param relativePath 相对路径
+     * @param relativePath relative path
      */
     void hotSwapByRelativePath(String relativePath);
 
     /**
-     * 热更新绝对路径的文件
+     * Hot-swap a file specified by absolute path
      *
-     * @param absolutePath 热更新文件的绝对路径
+     * @param absolutePath absolute path of the file to hot-swap
      */
     void hotSwapByAbsolutePath(String absolutePath);
 
diff --git a/hotswap/src/main/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/util/HotSwapUtils.java b/hotswap/src/main/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/util/HotSwapUtils.java
index 93cf84e8..6c348351 100644
--- a/hotswap/src/main/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/util/HotSwapUtils.java
+++ b/hotswap/src/main/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/util/HotSwapUtils.java
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import java.lang.instrument.ClassDefinition;
  * Hotswap java class
  * <p>
  * EN: Prefer using simple Javassist for hot updates, followed by Byte Buddy hot updates
- * CN: 优先使用简单的Javassist做热更新，因为Byte Buddy使用了更为复杂的ASM，spring boot web项目中会优先使用Byte Buddy热更新
+ * Prefer Javassist for hot-swapping (simpler); Byte Buddy uses more complex ASM. Spring Boot web projects prefer Byte Buddy for hot-swapping
  *
  * @author godotg
  */
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ public abstract class HotSwapUtils {
     /**
      * need to add JVM startup parameters: -Djdk.attach.allowAttachSelf=true
      * <p>
-     * JVM的启动参数，jdk11过后默认JVM不允许连接自己，所以需要自己添加 -Djdk.attach.allowAttachSelf=true 启动参数
+     * JVM startup parameter: since JDK 11, the JVM does not allow self-attachment by default. Add -Djdk.attach.allowAttachSelf=true to enable it
      * <p>
-     * note: 需要配置 JAVA_HOME 环境变量，如果没有配置这个环境变量可能会导致未知异常
-     * note: 使用 -cp 或者 -Djava.ext.dirs 参数可能会导致热更新未知异常，推荐使用maven-shade-plugin或者spring-boot-maven-plugin将工程打包进一个jar里。
-     * note: 使用 -cp热更时会有概率出现java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError，其中多现于Lambda表达式和静态Enum的类中
+     * note: JAVA_HOME environment variable must be configured; unknown errors may occur without it
+     * note: Using -cp or -Djava.ext.dirs may cause unknown hot-swap errors; recommend packaging with maven-shade-plugin or spring-boot-maven-plugin
+     * note: Using -cp may occasionally cause java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError, especially in Lambda expressions and static Enum classes
      *
-     * @param bytes .class结尾的字节码文件
+     * @param bytes bytecode from a .class file
      */
     public static synchronized void hotswapClass(byte[] bytes) {
         if (ArrayUtils.isEmpty(bytes)) {
diff --git a/hotswap/src/test/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/ApplicationTest.java b/hotswap/src/test/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/ApplicationTest.java
index 73537ead..8a91b2e7 100644
--- a/hotswap/src/test/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/ApplicationTest.java
+++ b/hotswap/src/test/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/ApplicationTest.java
@@ -12,17 +12,17 @@ import java.io.IOException;
  */
 public class ApplicationTest {
 
-    // 热更新教程，需要添加JVM参数，-Djdk.attach.allowAttachSelf=true，如果不加这个参数将使用Byte Buddy热更新替代Javassist热更新
-    // 使用Javassist热更新更加的轻量，如果Javassist热更新失败，则会自动使用Byte Buddy做热更新
+    // Hot-swap tutorial: add JVM arg -Djdk.attach.allowAttachSelf=true; without it, Byte Buddy hot-swap is used instead of Javassist
+    // Javassist hot-swap is lighter; if it fails, Byte Buddy is used automatically
     @Test
     public void startHotSwapTest() throws IOException {
-        // 热更新限制，不能为需要热更新的类添加或减少成员函数和成员变量，只能修改函数内部的逻辑
+        // Hot-swap limitation: cannot add or remove methods/fields; only internal logic may be changed
         var test = new HotswapClass();
-        // 没有热更新的输出
+        // Output before hot-swap
         test.print();
-        // 随便修改print方法，然后编译成为一个需要热更新的class文件
+        // Modify the print method, then compile it to a .class file to be hot-swapped
         HotSwapUtils.hotswapClass(IOUtils.toByteArray(ClassUtils.getFileFromClassPath("HotswapClass.class")));
-        // 热更新之后的输出
+        // Output after hot-swap
         test.print();
     }
 
diff --git a/hotswap/src/test/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/HotswapClass.java b/hotswap/src/test/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/HotswapClass.java
index b655bda1..b07bf952 100644
--- a/hotswap/src/test/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/HotswapClass.java
+++ b/hotswap/src/test/java/com/zfoo/hotswap/HotswapClass.java
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ public class HotswapClass {
     private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HotswapClass.class);
 
     public void print() {
-        logger.info("没有热更新的输出内容");
+        logger.info("No hot-swap output content");
     }
 
 }